Table 4.
Association between patient factors and pathogen frequencies
| Univariate analysis | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterococcus spp. | Enterobacterales | 3GCRE | MRGN | P. aeruginosa | ||||||||
| n | p-value | p-value | p-value | p-value | p-value | |||||||
| Age | < 65y | 180 | 57.8% | 0.664 | 48.3% | 0.134 | 11.2% | 0.621 | 9.0% | 0.592 | 5.6% | 0.823 |
| > = 65y | 168 | 60.1% | 56.5% | 13.5% | 10.8% | 6.5% | ||||||
| Sex | m | 222 | 58.6% | 0.910 | 53.2% | 0.738 | 15.6% | 0.016 | 13.3% | 0.008 | 7.2% | 0.252 |
| f | 126 | 59.5% | 50.8% | 6.5% | 4.0% | 4.0% | ||||||
| Charlson Index | < 5 | 201 | 53.7% | 0.027 | 50.2% | 0.384 | 8.6% | 0.019 | 7.5% | 0.100 | 5.0% | 0.366 |
| > = 5 | 146 | 65.8% | 55.5% | 17.4% | 13.2% | 7.5% | ||||||
| MDR carrier | no | 289 | 57.8% | 0.386 | 51.6% | 0.570 | 9.1% | ≤0.001 | 7.3% | ≤0.001 | 5.2% | 0.224 |
| yes | 59 | 64.4% | 55.9% | 28.1% | 22.8% | 10.2% | ||||||
| Time of bile collection from admission | ≤ 48 h | 153 | 59.5% | 1.000 | 69.3% | ≤ 0.001 | 13.9% | 0.509 | 7.2% | 0.147 | 4.6% | 0.488 |
| > 48 h | 190 | 58.9% | 38.9% | 11.3% | 12.3% | 6.8% | ||||||
| Route of bile collection | endoscopic | 203 | 56.7% | 0.438 | 60.1% | ≤ 0,001 | 11.0% | 0.402 | 6.0% | 0.003 | 5.4% | 0.648 |
| percutaneous | 141 | 61.0% | 42.6% | 14.5% | 15.8% | 7.1% | ||||||
| ICUa | no | 226 | 59.7% | 0.732 | 63.3% | ≤ 0.001 | 14.0% | 0.228 | 8.9% | 0.451 | 3.1% | 0.002 |
| yes | 122 | 57.4% | 32.0% | 9.1% | 11.7% | 11.5% | ||||||
| Antibiotic pre-treatmentb | no | 157 | 52.5% | 0.006 | 56.3% | 0.372 | 13.0% | 1.000 | 7.0% | 0.179 | 4.4% | 0.345 |
| yes | 160 | 67.9% | 51.2% | 12.4% | 11.9% | 7.4% | ||||||
| Prior biliary tract intervention | no | 64 | 42.2% | 0.003 | 46.9% | 0.406 | 4.8% | 0.054 | 3.2% | 0.059 | 4.7% | 0.777 |
| yes | 282 | 63.1% | 53.5% | 14.1% | 11.5% | 6.4% | ||||||
| Indwelling biliary tract drainage | no | 143 | 43.4% | ≤ 0.001 | 51.7% | 0.913 | 7.8% | 0.044 | 7.1% | 0.198 | 5.6% | 0.823 |
| yes | 205 | 69.8% | 52.7% | 15.4% | 11.8% | 6.3% | ||||||
| Stenosis | no | 161 | 50.9% | 0.006 | 47.8% | 0.133 | 8.2% | 0.033 | 5.7% | 0.018 | 5.0% | 0.503 |
| yes | 187 | 65.8% | 56.1% | 15.8% | 13.4% | 7.0% | ||||||
| Biliodigestive anastomosis | no | 248 | 59.5% | 0.803 | 57.5% | ≤ 0.001 | 11.5% | 0.586 | 7.7% | 0.044 | 5.6% | 0.804 |
| yes | 100 | 57.3% | 37.1% | 14.1% | 15.3% | 7.0% | ||||||
| Liver transplantation | no | 302 | 60.3% | 0.201 | 56.6% | ≤ 0.001 | 12.8% | 0.628 | 9.7% | 0.788 | 6.6% | 0.333 |
| yes | 46 | 50.0% | 23.9% | 8.7% | 11.1% | 2.2% | ||||||
| Multivariate analysis - independent predictors | ||||||||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||||||||||
| Enterococcus spp. | ||||||||||||
| Indwelling biliary tract drainage | 3.11 (1.94–5.00) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Enterobacterales | ||||||||||||
| Bile collection > 48 h from admission | 0.41 (0.25–0.66) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||||||
| ICUa | 0.38 (0.23–0.63) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||||||
| 3GCRE | ||||||||||||
| Male sex | 2.61 (1.15–5.95) | 0.022 | ||||||||||
| Charlson Index ≥5 | 1.98 (1.00–3.92) | 0.049 | ||||||||||
| MDR carrier | 3.57 (1.73–7.37) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||||||
| MRGN | ||||||||||||
| Male sex | 4.27 (1.42–12.82) | 0.010 | ||||||||||
| MDR carrier | 2.47 (1.04–5.86) | 0.040 | ||||||||||
| Percutaneous bile collection | 2.61 (1.13–6.01) | 0.024 | ||||||||||
| Stenosis | 2.66 (1,02-6,95) | 0.046 | ||||||||||
| P. aeruginosa | ||||||||||||
| ICUa | 4.06 (1.59–10.34) | 0.003 | ||||||||||
MRGN, multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria as defined by KRINKO [6]
MDR, multi-drug resistant bacteria including MRSA, MRGN, and VRE
aICU, defined as treatment on ICU before or during bile sampling
bAntibiotic pre-treatment within 3 months prior to admisson