Table 4.

Synthesis findings: factors influencing the sexual and reproductive health among WLHIV in Muslim-majority countries

Fertility Desire	Contraceptive Use	Perinatal Experiences	Safer Sex Practice	Sexual Life
• Individual satisfaction and hope for better future by having child • Having living child • Having HIV-infected child • Fear of transmitting the infection to the baby • Worried of child’s well-being and future • Uncertainty about their-own health and well-being • Pressure from husband/ family to conceive • Social and cultural belief about having child after married • Stigma and discrimination experience of previous pregnancy and delivery • Pressure from health care providers for not having (more) pregnancy	• Women’s fertility desire • Fear of contraceptive’s side effects • Religious belief constrictions • Partner’s preference of contraception • Less access to the methods • Lack of methods’ availability • Limited information and understanding about varied contraceptive methods • Pressure from health providers to use male condom only • Legal abortion services	• Trusting the God will • Complying HIV- treatment • Health care provider discriminated behaviour • Health care providers showed less respect and no confidentially • Access to safe abortion services • Lack of PMTCT information • Non-economical formulae feeding	• Fertility desire • Unknown HIV-status of sexual partner • Status disclosure to sexual partner • Inconvenience in using and procuring condoms • Fear of partner violence if persuading condom use • Lack of agreement with partners related to condom use • Patriarchal belief and engendered norms • No access to female condom • Limited information about condom use and its efficacy	• Feeling guilty of having pre-marital sexual activities • ART uptake • Sexual violence • Denial of HIV status • Not wanting to be pregnant • Fear of infecting sero-discordant partner • Worried to be divorced and lack of social and economic support from partner • Mental illness • Drug use