Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Citation | Context | Data collection method | Country | Participant characteristics | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armstrong et al., 2016 [22] | Observations, interviews and documentary analysis of the ENABLE-CKD project, which aimed to close the gap between guidelines and practice | Interviews | United Kingdom | Primary care staff across general practices (general practitioners, nurses, practice managers, pharmacist, self-management facilitator, administrator/ support staff) | 24 (general practitioners: n = 7, nurses: n = 9, practice managers: m = 4, pharmacist: n = 1) |
| Blakeman et al. 2012 [7] | Exploration of CKD management in primary care, within practices participating in renal collaborative project | Interviews | United Kingdom | General practitioners and nurses | 21 (general practitioners: n = 11, nurses: n = 10) |
| Crinson et al. 2010 [32] | Exploration of primary care practitioners views of CKD and its management | Focus groups | United Kingdom | General practitioners and practice nurses | 36 (n = 26 general practitioners, n = 9 practice nurses, n = 1 practice-based pharmacist) |
| Danforth et al. 2019 [29] | Identification of risk factors, facilitators, and barriers to follow-up of abnormal eGFR results for diagnosing CKD | Interviews | United States of America | Primary care physicians | 15 |
| Gheewala et al. 2018 [30] | Exploration of community pharmacists barriers to implementing a CKD risk assessment service | Interviews | Australia | Community pharmacists | 8 |
| Greer et al. 2012 [33] | Exploration of primary care providers’ barriers to educating patients about CKD | Focus groups | United States of America | Primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners) | 18 (n = 15 physicians, n = 3 nurse practitioners) |
| Greer et al. 2015 [23] | Exploration of barriers to preparing patients for renal replacement therapy | Interviews | United States of America | Primary care physicians | 4a |
| Greer et al. 2019 [8], Sperati et al. 2019 [34] | Exploration of primary care physicians’ perceived barriers and facilitators to management of CKD in a) primary care, and b) at the primary care-nephrology interface | Focus groups | United States of America | Primary care physicians | 32 |
| Litvin et al. 2016 [24] | Exploration of whether clinical decision support could be used to improve identification and management of CKD | Group interviews | United States of America | Medical doctors, licensed practical nurse, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, medical assistant, physician assistant | 11 practices (ranging in size from 1 to 8 providers) |
| Lo et al. 2016 [5] and Lo et al. 2016 [36] | Exploration of factors influencing health care of diabetes and CKD | Focus groups | Australia | General practitioners | 22a |
| McBride et al. 2014 [25] | Exploration of primary care providers’ attitudes regarding a CKD registry and its implementation | Interviews | United States of America | Primary care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners) | 20 (n = 19 physicians, n = 1 nurse practitioner) |
| Nash et al. 2018 [31] | Exploration of primary care providers’ perceptions of barriers and enablers to following guidelines for requesting creatinine tests to confirm CKD | Interviews | Canada | Primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners) | 13 (n = 9 physicians, n = 4 nurse practitioners) |
| Nihat et al. 2016 [6] | Process evaluation of the Quality Improvement in CKD study, which compared audit-based education and sending clinical guidelines and prompts with usual care | Focus groups | United Kingdom | General practice (including general practitioner, practice nurses, healthcare assistants and practice manager) | 4 practices (including 6–9 members of the multi-professional team in each group) |
| Sinclair et al. 2017 [9] | Identification of barriers and facilitators to CKD screening practices in practice nurses | Cross-sectional survey (open-ended questions) | Australia | Practice nurses | 26 |
| Smith et al. 2012 [26] | Analysis following change to automatic reporting of eGFR in all laboratory results (previously only serum creatinine reported) | Interviews | United States of America | Primary care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) | 19 (n = 13 physicians, n = 2 nurse practitioners, n = 4 physician assistants |
| Tam-Tham et al. 2016 [27] | Description of primary care physicians perceptions of key barriers, facilitators, and strategies to enhance conservative care for community-dwelling older adults with Stage 5 | Interviews | Canada | Primary care physicians | 27 |
| Tam-Tham et al. 2016 [37] | Examination of perceived barriers, facilitators to improve primary care physicians’ ability to conservatively manage older adults with Stage 5 who were not planning to initiate dialysis | Cross-sectional surveyb | Canada | Primary care physicians | 409 |
| Tonkin-Crine et al. 2015 [10] | Exploration of general practitioners views and experiences of managing patients with advanced CKD and referral to secondary care | Interviews | United Kingdom | General practitioners | 19 |
| van Dipten et al. 2018 [35] | Exploration of perspectives of general practitioners familiar with CKD management guidelines, including the applicability of national interdisciplinary guidelines | Focus groups | The Netherlands | General practitioners | 27 |
| Vest et al. 2015 [28] | Process evaluation of TRANSLATE-CKD study, a randomised controlled trial examining implementation of evidence-based CKD guidelines in primary care practice. Interviews conducted at baseline to assess current practice | Interviews | United States of America | Primary care clinicians | 27 (n = 24 doctors, n = 3 nurse practitioners/physician assistants) interviewed |
aPlus additional secondary or tertiary care practitioners who were not included in the present review
bOpen-ended responses only included in this review