TABLE 4—
Estimated Mean Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Compared With Reference Group, by Selected Participant Characteristics, Among Deceased Participants: CARDIA, United States, 1985–2017
| Predictors of YPLL | Sociodemographic Model,a Mean YPLL (95% CI) | Cause-of-Death Model,b Mean YPLL (95% CI) | Combined Model,c Mean YPLL (95% CI) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Black | 0.50 (−1.31, 2.30) | . . . | 0.81 (−0.92, 2.54) |
| Age at enrollment, y | −1.11 (−1.34, −0.87) | . . . | −0.94 (−1.16, −0.73) |
| Female | 4.05 (2.29, 5.81) | . . . | 6.43 (4.75, 8.12) |
| Educational attainment, 1 level increased,e | −1.22 (−2.32, −0.12) | . . . | −1.37 (−2.37, −0.37) |
| Difficulty paying basics, 1 level increasee,f | −0.67 (−1.62, 0.29) | . . . | −0.67 (−1.53, 0.19) |
| Field center | |||
| Birmingham, AL (Ref) | 1 | . . . | 1 |
| Chicago, IL | 1.03 (−1.55, 3.61) | . . . | 0.48 (−1.83, 2.79) |
| Minneapolis, MN | −1.44 (−3.65, 0.78) | . . . | −1.19 (−3.16, 0.79) |
| Oakland, CA | 1.42 (−0.88, 3.71) | . . . | 1.35 (−0.72, 3.42) |
| Cause of death | |||
| AIDS (Ref) | . . . | 1 | 1 |
| Asthma | . . . | 0.19 (−11.77, 12.14) | −2.61 (−12.63, 7.40) |
| Cancer | . . . | −6.74 (−10.09, −3.39) | −9.05 (−11.96, −6.14) |
| CVDg | . . . | −7.97 (−11.13, −4.80) | −9.85 (−12.53, −7.17) |
| Diabetes | . . . | −0.88 (−10.75, 8.99) | −4.74 (−12.90, 3.43) |
| Homicide | . . . | 2.00 (−2.11, 6.10) | −0.15 (−3.64, 3.35) |
| Kidney | . . . | −6.08 (−12.14, −0.02) | −10.22 (−15.37, −5.07) |
| Liver diseases | . . . | −10.74 (−16.33, −5.16) | −12.43 (−17.06, −7.80) |
| Lung diseases other than asthma | . . . | −7.32 (−13.12, −1.52) | −9.24 (−14.04, −4.44) |
| Others | . . . | −5.51 (−8.98, −2.04) | −7.76 (−10.68, −4.84) |
| Sepsis | . . . | −14.28 (−22.09, −6.47) | −16.14 (−22.68, −9.61) |
| Suicide | . . . | −0.84 (−5.48, 3.80) | −4.47 (−8.42, −0.52) |
| Unintentional | . . . | −0.88 (−4.94, 3.18) | −4.49 (−7.85, −1.12) |
Note. CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study; CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease. Sample size n = 349. YPLL was calculated by subtracting age at death from the average sex-specific national life expectancy at birth during the year of the baseline examination, 71.1 years for men and 78.2 years for women, in 1985.
Sociodemographic model includes race/ethnicity, age at enrollment, sex, education, difficulty paying for basics, and recruitment field center with YPLL.
Cause-of-death model reports the independent associations of included categories of causes of death with YPLL. Reference group for the cause-of-death model is the YPLL associated with AIDS. AIDS contributed 35.4 YPLL.
Combined model includes all variables in sociodemographic and cause-of-death models.
Difficulty paying for basics and education level were assessed at the most recent examination before death.
Education levels: 1 = high school or less; 2 = some college; 3 = college graduates.
Difficulty paying for basics: 1 = not very hard; 2 = somewhat hard; 3 = hard; 4 = very hard.
Deaths attributed to CVD included deaths from acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, primary or secondary arrhythmic death, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral aterial disease, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, or death caused by invasive cardiovascular intervention.