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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 31.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2020 Jan 7;473:176–185. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.003

Figure 1: Dysregulation of glucose metabolizing enzymes in cancer cells.

Figure 1:

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate in a sequential enzymatic reaction. Pyruvate can shuttle to the mitochondria and inter into the TCA cycle for energy generation and/or biomass synthesis or alternatively converted into lactate by LDHA and secreted from cells. Many glycolytic enzymes are highly dysregulated (red in color) in several ways;, p53 and HIF-1α/MYC negatively and positively regulate expression of key glycolytic enzymes in cancer cells. Tumor cells display altered expression in some of the TCA cycle-related enzymes due to genetic mutations/alterations (red asterisk). Gluconeogenesis pathway generates glucose via antagonizing glycolysis. It has enzymatic overlap with glycolysis and utilizes seven out of ten enzymes of glycolysis along with three unique. Glutamine can also generate energy through the TCA cycle after converting into α-Ketoglutarate by enzymes glutaminase (GLS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Citrate from the TCA cycle can be secreted out into the cytoplasm and utilized in fatty acid synthesis.