. 2020 Mar 3;11(1):1729032. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1729032

Table 3.

Association between exposure to potentially morally injurious deployment experiences and help-seeking for mental health in the past 12 months.

Consultation/Services Used	DEX-4 ‘seeing ill/injured … ’		DEX-6 ‘feeling responsible … ’		DEX-8 ‘difficulty distinguishing … ’		Any PMIE
Consultation/Services Used	AOR^a	95% CI^b	AOR^a	95% CI^b	AOR^a	95% CI^b	AOR^a	95% CI^b
Professionals^c	1.22^§	0.98–1.51	1.33^§	0.95–1.86	1.14	0.91–1.41	1.27*	1.00–1.60
Psychiatrist	1.42^§	1.00–2.01	1.11	0.69–1.79	1.10	0.78–1.56	1.46^§	0.99–2.15
Family doctor or general practitioner	1.40*	1.04–1.87	1.13	0.75–1.69	1.31^§	0.98–1.74	1.72***	1.25–2.36
Psychologist	1.20	0.89–1.62	0.94	0.63–1.42	1.15	0.85–1.54	1.06	0.76–1.48
Nurse	1.20	0.83–1.75	0.75	0.43–1.29	1.33	0.93–1.90	1.27	0.83–1.95
Social worker, counsellor or psychotherapist	1.09	0.85–1.40	1.22	0.82–1.82	0.99	0.78–1.27	1.06	0.82–1.38
Para-professional^d	1.36*	1.04–1.77	0.96	0.66–1.38	1.08	0.85–1.38	1.44*	1.06–1.95
OSISS^e	1.24	0.66–2.32	0.92	0.43–1.99	1.04	0.57–1.90	1.43	0.60–3.42
Religious/spiritual advisor^f	1.26	0.80–1.99	1.24	0.69–2.26	1.46^§	0.96–2.23	1.72*	1.02–2.88
CFMAP^g	1.38^§	0.97–1.98	1.29	0.78–2.15	1.12	0.81–1.54	1.43^§	0.96–2.14
Self-help groups	1.35	0.81–2.27	1.16	0.58–2.30	0.88	0.54–1.44	1.29	0.71–2.32
Non-professionals	1.21^§	0.99–1.48	1.01	0.72–1.41	1.17	0.97–1.42	1.41**	1.14–1.73
Family member	1.17	0.95–1.45	0.95	0.67–1.35	1.16	0.93–1.44	1.29*	1.03–1.63
Friend	1.28*	1.01–1.62	0.78	0.54–1.13	1.20	0.95–1.53	1.52**	1.17–1.97
Co-worker/boss	1.40*	1.05–1.89	0.76	0.49–1.17	1.12	0.84–1.50	1.47*	1.07–2.01
Internet^h	1.15	0.86–1.55	0.92	0.61–1.38	1.62***	1.23–2.13	1.48*	1.09–2.00
Seeking civilian professional care	1.58*	1.08–2.30	1.07	0.62–1.82	1.40	0.93–2.11	1.94**	1.27–2.96

^aMultiple logistic regressions; adjusted for sociodemographic variables, military factors, history of childhood victimization, presence of deployment-related mental health education, deployment-related variables (e.g. other stressful experiences), and past-year mental health diagnoses.

^b95% confidence intervals were calculated using 500 bootstrapped weights

^cThe composite category of professionals includes psychiatrist, family doctor or general practitioner, psychologist, nurse, social worker, counsellor or psychotherapist, online therapy, and hospitalization. Online therapy and hospitalizations were removed from the breakdown of the professional category due to insufficient sample size

^dThe composite category of para-professionals includes OSISS, Religious/spiritual advisor, CFMAP, self-help groups, and telephone help-lines. Telephone help-lines were removed from the breakdown of the para-professional category due to insufficient sample size

^ePeer Support Coordinator from the Operational Stress Injury Social Support programme

^fReligious or spiritual advisor such as a priest, padre, chaplain, or rabbi

^gServices through the Canadian Forces Member Assistance Programme

^hUsed internet for information, help, or support (excluding online therapy)

^§0.05 < p ≤ 0.10

*0.01 < p ≤ 0.05

**0.001 < p ≤ 0.01

***p ≤ 0.001

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratios; CFMAP, Canadian Forces Member Assistance Programme; DEX-4, seen ill or injured women or children who you were unable to help; DEX-6, ever felt responsible for the death of Canadian or ally personnel; DEX-8, had difﬁculty distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants; OSISS, Operational Stress Injury Social Support; PMIE, potentially morally injurious experience.