Table 4.
Percent Change (95% CI) in Serum Hormone Concentrations Associated With a Doubling In Urinary Phthalate Group Concentrations, NHANES 2013–2016
| Measured Hormonal Outcomes | Calculated Hormonal Outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total testosterone | Estradiol | SHBG | Free testosteronea | Bioavailable testosteronea | Testosterone/estradiol ratio | Free Androgen Indexa | |||||||||||||||
| % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | ||||||||
| Σ LMW | -0.47 | -4.35 | 3.57 | -1.91 | -4.71 | 0.97 | 2.52 | -1.24 | 6.42 | -2.41 | -5.10 | 0.35 | -2.52 | -5.26 | 0.30 | 1.47 | -1.93 | 4.99 | -2.91 | -5.45 | -0.30 |
| Σ HMW | -1.23 | -4.04 | 1.66 | -2.00 | -4.45 | 0.51 | -1.02 | -4.61 | 2.70 | -0.96 | -3.11 | 1.25 | -1.16 | -3.44 | 1.17 | 0.78 | -0.15 | 3.13 | -0.21 | -2.71 | 2.36 |
| Σ DEHP | -2.24 | -4.46 | 0.03 | -2.25 | -4.76 | 0.33 | -2.72 | -5.77 | 0.43 | -0.61 | -2.79 | 1.63 | -1.25 | -3.44 | 0.99 | 0.01 | -2.46 | 2.54 | 0.49 | -2.21 | 3.27 |
| Σ DINP | -1.03 | -3.45 | 1.45 | -1.12 | -3.19 | 0.99 | -1.29 | -4.82 | 2.38 | -0.48 | -2.13 | 1.20 | -0.68 | -2.34 | 1.00 | 0.09 | -2.25 | 2.50 | 0.26 | -1.91 | 2.48 |
| Σ DINCH | -1.31 | -4.26 | 1.73 | -1.19 | -3.81 | 1.50 | -3.33 | -7.99 | 1.57 | 0.78 | -2.51 | 4.19 | 0.51 | -2.79 | 3.93 | -0.13 | -4.14 | 4.06 | 2.09 | -2.30 | 6.67 |
| Σ DEHTP | -0.28 | -1.94 | 1.40 | -1.01 | -2.54 | 0.54 | -0.55 | -2.71 | 1.67 | 0.00 | -1.41 | 1.44 | -0.06 | -1.50 | 1.42 | 0.73 | -1.00 | 2.50 | 0.26 | -1.46 | 2.02 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DEHTP, dioctyl terephthalate; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; DINCH, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester; DINP, diisononyl phthalate; HMW, high molecular weight; LMW, low molecular weight.
* P ≤ 0.05.
# P ≤ 0.0083.
aCalculated based on Vermeulen et al. formula from measured SHBG, testosterone, and albumin.