Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2019 Dec 9;62:15–21. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.005

Figure 1. A Framework for ILC Activation.

Figure 1.

The signals that activate ILC effector functions can be organized into four groups based on the transcription factors that they mobilize: (1) STAT5; (2) STAT6; (3) NF-κB/AP-1; and (4) NFAT/AP-1. Under physiologic conditions in vivo where agonist availability is limited, optimal ILC activation likely requires at least one signal from each category. Collectively, these signals replicate the STAT and TCR signaling that regulate adaptive T cell function. This figure groups ILC2-activating signals, but the framework can also be applied to other ILC subsets and to TCR-independent activation of bystander T cells.