. 2020 Jan 21;46(3):383–400. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05872-y

Table 1.

Prospective models

	Paper	Design	Target condition	Patient encounters	Machine learning model	Comparators
Validation
ED	Brown et al.	Prospective validation	Severe sepsis and Septic shock	93,773 (15 months)	Cut05 Primary outcome Sensitivity: 0.764 False positive rate: 0.47 Secondary outcome AUC: 0.859	Nurse triage Primary outcome Sensitivity: 0.543 False positive rate: 0.31 Secondary outcome AUC: 0.756
ED	Brown et al.	Prospective validation	Severe sepsis and Septic shock	93,773 (15 months)		SIRS Primary outcome Sensitivity: 0.216 False positive rate: 0.004 Secondary outcome AUC: 0.606
In-hospital	Thiel et al.	Prospective validation	Septic shock	27,674 (24 months)	RPART^a 2006 Primary outcome Misclassification rate: 8.4%	None
In-hospital	Thiel et al.	Prospective validation	Septic shock	27,674 (24 months)	RPART^a 2007 Primary outcome Misclassification rate: 8.8%	None

	Paper	Design	Target condition	Patient encounters	Machine learning group	Control group
Interventional
In-hospital	Giannini et al.	Pre-post implementation	Severe sepsis and septic shock	54,464 (6 pre-months, 1 post-month)	EWS 2.0 Primary/secondary outcome Hospital LOS: 9 days Time to ICU transfer after alert: 8 h^e In-hospital mortality: 10.3%	Unclear Primary/secondary outcome Hospital LOS: 9 days Time to ICU transfer after alert: 16 h^e In-hospital mortality: 10.6%
In-hospital	McCoy et al.	Pre-post implementation^b	Severe sepsis	611 (3 pre-months, 2 post-months)	Linear model (Insight) Primary outcome In-hospital mortality: 2.94% Secondary outcome Hospital LOS: 2.92 days Readmission rate: 7.84%	Manual nurse scoring^c Primary outcome In-hospital mortality: 7.37% Secondary outcome Hospital LOS: 3.35 days Readmission rate: 46.19%
ICU	Shimabukuro et al.	RCT	Severe sepsis	142 (3 months)	Elastic net reg.^d (Insight) Primary outcome Hospital LOS: 10.3 days^e Secondary outcome ICU LOS: 6.3 days^e In-hospital mortality: 8.96%^e	SIRS detector Primary outcome Hospital LOS: 13.0 days^e Secondary outcome ICU LOS: 8.4 days^e In-hospital mortality: 21.3%^e

^aRecursive partitioning and regression tree (RPART) analysis

^bOnly baseline and steady state are reported

^cNurses scored patient twice daily to see if they met the SIRS criteria

^dElastic net regularization (generalized linear model)

^eSignificant results