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. 2020 Mar 12;10:4561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61443-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Exogenous rGDF11 or rGDF8 has little effect on fasting insulin levels or glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in young or aged mice fed a HFD. (A,B) Fasting plasma insulin levels (A) and GSIS (B) in young mice fed a HFD (n = 7–8 mice/treatment). (C) Calculated stimulation index for young (n = 7–8 mice/treatment) and aged (n = 6–8 mice/treatment) mice fed a HFD. (D,E) Fasting plasma insulin levels (D) and GSIS (E) in aged mice fed a HFD (n = 6–8 mice/treatment). (F) Quantification of pancreatic β-cell replication in young (n = 4–6 mice/treatment) and aged (n = 3–6 mice/treatment) mice fed a HFD. (G,H) Gene expression analysis on the hearts (G) and skeletal muscle (H) from aged (n = 6–8 mice/treatment) mice fed a HFD. (I) Plasma GDF15 levels in young (n = 5–6 mice/treatment) and aged (n = 6–8 mice/treatment) mice fed a HFD. Individual values (open circles) for each mouse/treatment are superimposed on the bar graph. Data information: In (A–I), data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. For (A,D,F), 2-way ANOVA with either Sidak’s or Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparison between pre vs. post treatment or comparison between groups, respectively. For (B,C,E,G–I), 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used.