Table 3.

Statistical insights on differential language expression prior to an inpatient visit*.

Feature	Cohen’s d	p-value (corrected)	Mean diff-of-diff	95% CI
Inpatient visits
Change in Linguistic Style/ Mental Well-being
Categories that increase in usage before inpatient visit
Depressive	0.306	0.001	0.089	[0.09, 0.52]
Anxious	0.286	0.001	0.084	[0.07, 0.50]
Family (‘baby’, ‘ma’,‘son’, ‘family’)	0.306	0.001	0.003	[0.09, 0.52]
Health (‘tired’, ‘pain’, ‘sick’, ‘ill’)	0.255	0.032	0.001	[0.04, 0.48]
Categories that decrease in usage before inpatient visit
1st person singular (‘lol’, ‘:)’, ‘b’)	−0.392	<0.001	−0.014	[−0.61, −0.17]
Informal Speech (‘lol’, ‘:)’, ‘b’)	−0.392	<0.001	−0.014	[−0.61, −0.17]
Hear (‘say’, ‘hear’, ‘listen’, ‘heard’)	−0.365	0.003	−0.001	[−0.58, −0.15]
Affiliation (‘we’, ‘our’, ‘friends’)	−0.361	0.001	−0.003	[−0.58, −0.14]
Extraverted	−0.357	<0.001	−0.080	[−0.57, −0.14]
Drives (‘up’, ‘get’, ‘love’)	−0.354	<0.001	−0.006	[−0.57, −0.14]
Netspeak (‘u’, ‘lol’, ‘da’, ‘smh’)	−0.35	<0.001	−0.01	[−0.57, −0.13]
Nonfluencies (‘ugg’, ‘well’, ‘oh’, ‘er’)	−0.335	0.001	−0.001	[−0.55, −0.12]
Leisure (‘fun’, ‘play’, ‘nap’)	−0.321	0.006	−0.002	[−0.54, −0.1]
Reward (‘get’, ‘take’, ‘best’, ‘win’)	−0.314	0.001	−0.002	[−0.53, −0.1]
Affective Processes (‘:)’, ‘ugh’, ‘happy’)	−0.242	0.023	−0.004	[−0.46, −0.03]
Positive Emotion (‘love’, ‘good’, ‘lol’, ‘better’)	−0.228	0.013	−0.004	[−0.44, −0.01]
Swear Words (‘a**’, ‘f**k’, ‘hell’, ‘wtf’)	−0.209	0.023	−0.002	[−0.43, 0.00]
Change in Linguistic Topics
Topics that increase in usage before inpatient visit
check, yes, doctors, office, waiting, appointment	0.504	<0.001	0.001	[0.29, 0.72]
hospital, pain, surgery, blood, meds, nurse	0.380	<0.001	0.001	[0.16, 0.6]
baby, mommy, girl, son, boy, daughter	0.377	<0.001	0.001	[0.16, 0.59]
days, more, two, weeks, until, couple	0.301	0.014	0.001	[0.08,0.52]
even, still, tho, yet, blah, mad	0.275	0.006	0.001	[0.06, 0.49]
kids, child, their, children, mother, father	0.275	0.006	0.001	[0.06,0.49]
hurt, head, bad, body, stomach,:(, ugh	0.267	0.026	0.001	[0.05, 0.48]
Topics that decrease in usage before inpatient visit
calling, phone, answer, hear, ooo, talking	−0.488	<0.001	−0.001	[−0.71, −0.27]
better, feeling, little, hope, bit, type	−0.429	<0.001	−0.001	[−0.65, −0.21]
lol, ha, ctfu, lmao, funny, haha	−0.429	<0.001	−0.001	[−0.65, −0.21]
cool, funny, tho, used, remember, seem	−0.395	<0.001	<0.001	[−0.61, −0.18]
no, what, matter, how, always, end	−0.381	<0.001	<0.001	[−0.6, −0.16]
:), show, crew, awesome, fashion, guys	−0.381	<0.001	<0.001	[−0.6, −0.16]

*Effect sizes of individual linguistic features (diff-of-diff b/w true and null events) for inpatient visits. Significance was measured using paired, two-tailed t-test with Benjamini-Hochberg p-correction.