Fig. 1. Macrophages control HSV-1 infection.
a Immunofluorescence of livers from wild-type (WT) mice that were not or were infected with 8 × 107 tissue culture infection dose 50 (TCID50) HSV-1 and analyzed after 1 h (n = 3, blue represents Hoechst staining, scale bar 100 µm). b–d Immunofluorescence of livers (b, n = 8, scale bar 200 µm), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of lymph nodes (LN), spleens and livers (c, n = 12–14, two-tailed student’s t-test) and TCID50 of spleens and livers (d, n = 8, two-tailed student’s t-test) from WT mice that were pretreated with control-liposomes and WT mice that were pretreated with clodronate-liposomes (day −3), infected with 6 × 106 TCID50 HSV-1 and analyzed after 24 h. e, f Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity (e; n = 10, one-way ANOVA [Tukey’s multiple comparison]) and survival of mice (f) that were treated with clodronate-liposomes or control liposomes (n = 10; day -3) and then infected with 6 × 105 TCID50 HSV-1 or left uninfected (n = 5; p = 0.0006, Log-rank [Mantel-Cox] test). g, h RT-PCR of vagina (g) and TCID50 of vagina and vaginal fluid (h) of mice that were treated with clodronate-liposomes or control-liposomes (day −3) and then infected with 2 × 107 TCID50 HSV-1 intravaginally, analyzed after 24 h (n = 6, two-tailed student’s t-test). i Survival of mice that were treated with clodronate-liposomes or control-liposomes (day −3) and then infected with 2 × 107 TCID50 HSV-1 intravaginally (n = 9), or left uninfected (n = 5; p = 0.0372, Log-rank [Mantel-Cox] test). All data are shown as mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, #p ≤ 0.001, ##p ≤ 0.0001.