Table 1.
Characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at index date by occurrence of heart failure hospitalization during follow‐up
| All (n = 54 452) | HHF during F/U (n = 1884) | No HHF during F/U (n = 52 568) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident T2DM (vs pre‐existing) | 19 629, 36% | 426, 23% | 19 203, 37% | <.001 |
| Demographics and vital signs | ||||
| Age (at index date), years | 60 (50, 71) | 69 (60, 76) | 60 (50, 70) | <.001 |
| Male | 26 774, 49% | 974, 52% | 25 800, 49% | .03 |
| White | 52 536, 96% | 1859, 99% | 50 677, 96% | <.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current | 9114, 17% | 259, 14% | 8855, 17% | <.001 |
| Former | 15 789, 29% | 613, 33% | 15 176, 29% | |
| Never | 29 549, 54% | 1012, 54% | 28 537, 54% | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 34 (29, 39) | 33 (29, 39) | 34 (29, 39) | .47 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 (120, 140) | 137 (122, 150) | 130 (120, 140) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 (70, 80) | 72 (66, 80) | 76 (70, 81) | <.001 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 54 (46, 64) | 62 (50, 74) | 54 (46, 64) | <.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 93 (87, 100) | 94 (87, 102) | 93 (87, 100) | <.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 76 (68, 84) | 74 (66, 81) | 76 (68, 84) | <.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Anemia | 8917, 16% | 431, 23% | 8486, 16% | <.001 |
| Arrhythmia (non‐AF) | 4240, 8% | 233, 12% | 4007, 8% | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3042, 6% | 284, 15% | 2758, 5% | <.001 |
| Cancer | 7824, 14% | 343, 18% | 7481, 14% | <.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy (non‐HF) | 682, 1% | 71, 4% | 611, 1% | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4479, 8% | 277, 15% | 4202, 8% | <.001 |
| Conduction disorder | 1147, 2% | 96, 5% | 1051, 2% | <.001 |
| CABG | 2186, 4% | 233, 12% | 1953, 4% | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 11 276, 21% | 842, 45% | 10 434, 20% | <.001 |
| Dementia | 823, 2% | 27, 1% | 796, 2% | .78 |
| Depression | 14 753, 27% | 421, 22% | 14 332, 27% | <.001 |
| Family history of CVD | 2756, 5% | 46, 2% | 2710, 5% | <.001 |
| Gout | 3544, 7% | 179, 10% | 3365, 6% | <.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 38 465, 71% | 1341, 71% | 37 124, 71% | .60 |
| Hypertension | 39 407, 72% | 1597, 85% | 37 810, 72% | <.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 745, 1% | 24, 1% | 721, 1% | .72 |
| Hypothyroidism | 9103, 17% | 306, 16% | 8797, 17% | .57 |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 126, <1% | 21, 1% | 105, <1% | <.001 |
| Kidney disease (chronic) | 5260, 10% | 367, 19% | 4893, 9% | <.001 |
| Liver disease (chronic) | 3120, 6% | 62, 3% | 3058, 6% | <.001 |
| Lung disease (chronic) | 10 748, 20% | 430, 23% | 10 318, 20% | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2938, 5% | 217, 12% | 2721, 5% | <.001 |
| Pacemaker | 643, 1% | 69, 4% | 574, 1% | <.001 |
| PCI | 2021, 4% | 127, 7% | 1894, 4% | <.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 3455, 6% | 252, 13% | 3203, 6% | <.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 727, 1% | 35, 2% | 692, 1% | .04 |
| Sleep apnea | 6042, 11% | 183, 10% | 5859, 11% | .05 |
| Stroke/TIA | 3209, 6% | 165, 9% | 3044, 6% | <.001 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 1016, 2% | 59, 3% | 957, 2% | <.001 |
| Valve disease | 2767, 5% | 222, 12% | 2545, 5% | <.001 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 1358, 2% | 71, 4% | 1287, 2% | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular symptoms | ||||
| Angina/chest pain | 13 304, 24% | 512, 27% | 12 792, 24% | .005 |
| Dyspnea | 7826, 14% | 312, 17% | 7514, 14% | .006 |
| Edema | 8202, 15% | 372, 20% | 7830, 15% | <.001 |
| Fatigue | 10 412, 19% | 278, 15% | 10 134, 19% | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||
| Statin | 26 320, 48% | 960, 51% | 25 360, 48% | .02 |
| ACE inhibitor | 24 535, 45% | 1036, 55% | 23 499, 45% | <.001 |
| Diuretic | 21 904, 40% | 1050, 56% | 20 854, 40% | <.001 |
| Beta blocker | 18 783, 34% | 934, 50% | 17 849, 34% | <.001 |
| Antiplatelet (including aspirin) | 17 059, 31% | 606, 32% | 16 453, 31% | .43 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 10 271, 19% | 588, 31% | 9683, 18% | <.001 |
| Nitrate | 6399, 12% | 424, 23% | 5975, 11% | <.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 6993, 13% | 335, 18% | 6658, 13% | <.001 |
| Warfarin | 3275, 6% | 243, 13% | 3032, 6% | <.001 |
| Fibrate | 3554, 7% | 130, 7% | 3424, 7% | .50 |
| Antiadrenergic antihypertensive | 3097, 6% | 175, 9% | 2922, 6% | <.001 |
| Intestinal chol absorption inhibitors | 1600, 3% | 51, 3% | 1549, 3% | .54 |
| Alpha‐beta blocker | 1566, 3% | 102, 5% | 1464, 3% | <.001 |
| Digoxin | 1438, 3% | 167, 9% | 1271, 2% | <.001 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 1051, 2% | 76, 4% | 975, 2% | <.001 |
| Nicotinic acid | 956, 2% | 38, 2% | 918, 2% | .38 |
| Bile acid sequestrants | 912, 2% | 43, 2% | 869, 2% | .04 |
| Diabetes medications | ||||
| Biguanides | 26 722, 49% | 769, 41% | 25 953, 49% | <.001 |
| Sulfonylureas | 15 157, 28% | 748, 40% | 14 409, 27% | <.001 |
| Insulin | 9481, 17% | 485, 26% | 8996, 17% | <.001 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 5351, 10% | 307, 16% | 5044, 10% | <.001 |
| DPP‐4 inhibitors | 2184, 4% | 55, 3% | 2129, 4% | .01 |
| Glitinides | 1196, 2% | 67, 4% | 1129, 2% | <.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.9 (6.3, 8.0) | 7.1 (6.4, 8.3) | 6.9 (6.3, 8.0) | <.001 |
| Basic metabolic panel | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 16 (13, 20) | 19 (15, 25) | 16 (13, 20) | <.001 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 9.4 (9.1, 9.7) | 9.4 (9.1, 9.7) | 9.4 (9.1, 9.7) | <.001 |
| Carbon dioxide, mEq/L | 27 (25, 29) | 27 (25, 29) | 27 (25, 29) | .18 |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 102 (100, 104) | 102 (99, 104) | 102 (100, 104) | .16 |
| Glomerular filtration rate, ml/min | 60 (60, 60) | 60 (60, 60) | 60 (60, 60) | <.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 138 (112, 176) | 143 (113, 191) | 138 (112, 175) | <.001 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.3 (4.0, 4.6) | 4.3 (4.0, 4.7) | 4.3 (4.0, 4.6) | <.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139 (137, 141) | 139 (137, 141) | 139 (137, 141) | .003 |
| Liver function tests | ||||
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 25 (18, 38) | 21 (16, 30) | 26 (18, 38) | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4) | 4.0 (3.8, 4.2) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4) | <.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 78 (64, 97) | 79 (65, 100) | 78 (64, 97) | .02 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 24 (19, 31) | 23 (18, 29) | 24 (19, 31) | <.001 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | .86 |
| Protein, g/dL | 7.1 (6.8, 7.5) | 7.1 (6.7, 7.5) | 7.1 (6.8, 7.5) | .006 |
| Complete blood count | ||||
| Hematocrit, % | 41.4 (38.5, 44.1) | 40.1 (36.6, 43.2) | 41.4 (38.6, 44.1) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.0 (12.9, 15.1) | 13.6 (12.2, 14.7) | 14.1 (13.0, 15.1) | <.001 |
| Lymphocyte, % of total WBC | 26 (20, 32) | 23 (17, 30) | 26 (20, 32) | <.001 |
| MCHC, g/dL | 34.0 (33.2, 34.6) | 33.8 (33.0, 34.5) | 34.0 (33.2, 34.6) | <.001 |
| MCH, pg | 30.3 (29.2, 31.5) | 30.3 (29.0, 31.6) | 30.3 (29.2, 31.5) | .38 |
| Mean corpuscular volume, mcm3 | 89.4 (86.3, 92.4) | 89.8 (86.7, 93.0) | 89.4 (86.2, 92.4) | <.001 |
| Mean platelet volume, fL | 10.0 (8.8, 10.9) | 10.2 (9.2, 11.0) | 10.0 (8.8, 10.9) | <.001 |
| Neutrophil, % of total WBC | 63 (56, 70) | 65 (58, 72) | 63 (56, 69) | <.001 |
| Platelet count, ×103/mcL | 240 (198, 289) | 234 (187, 281) | 241 (199, 289) | <.001 |
| Red blood cell count, ×106/mcL | 4.6 (4.3, 5.0) | 4.5 (4.1, 4.8) | 4.6 (4.3, 5.0) | <.001 |
| Red cell distribution width, % | 13.4 (12.9, 14.1) | 13.6 (13.0, 14.5) | 13.4 (12.8, 14.1) | <.001 |
| White blood cell count, ×103/mcL | 7.6 (6.3, 9.3) | 7.8 (6.5, 9.5) | 7.6 (6.3, 9.3) | .002 |
| Lipid panel | ||||
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 185 (159, 213) | 181 (155, 210) | 185 (159, 213) | .001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 44 (37, 53) | 44 (37, 52) | 44 (37, 53) | .11 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 102 (81, 127) | 97 (77, 119) | 102 (81, 127) | <.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 166 (117, 239) | 180 (124, 252) | 166 (117, 238) | <.001 |
| Total Chol: HDL | 4.2 (3.4, 5.1) | 4.1 (3.3, 5.1) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.1) | .43 |
| LDL: HDL | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | <.001 |
| Non‐HDL | 138 (113, 167) | 136 (111, 163) | 138 (113, 167) | .008 |
Note: Continuous variables reported as median (interquartile range); categorical variables as n, %.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; F/U, follow‐up; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TIA, transient ischemic attack; WBC, white blood cell.