Table 2.

GLM and mixed-effect model estimates (p-value) predicting disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among Chinese women.

Predictors			GLM	Mixed Effect Models
			Model Estimate	Model 1 Estimate	Model 2 Estimate	Model 3 Estimate
(Intercept)			5.143 (0.635)	−24.939 (0.020)	−13.866 (0.232)	5.143 (0.735)
Age			0.103 (0.040)	0.698 (0.002)	0.483 (0.029)	0.104 (0.042)
Period (Reference: 1990)
1995			0.836 (0.949)	1.381 (0.565)	0.836 (0.905)	0.836 (0.905)
2000			3.020 (0.817)	3.098 (0.197)	3.019 (0.667)	3.019 (0.669)
2005			5.591 (0.669)	4.953 (0.039)	5.590(0.426)	5.591 (0.429)
2010			10.290 (0.043)	8.934 (0.000)	10.290 (0.0144)	10.290 (0.015)
2015			14.734(0.026)	13.600 (0.000)	14.734 (0.036)	14.734 (0.037)
Risk (Reference: alcohol use)
HBMI			37.666 (0.000)	31.728 (0.000)	31.728 (0.000)	37.666 (0.006)
Low PA			−2.368 (0.822)	−10.199 (0.247)	−10.198 (0.251)	−2.440 (0.909)
Smoking			−10.349 (0.374)	−11.891 (0.190)	−11.891 (0.194)	−11.162 (0.641)
Age × 1995			0.043 (0.858)		0.042 (0.738)	0.043 (0.739)
Age × 2000			0.118 (0.621)		0.118 (0.357)	0.118 (0.360)
Age × 2005			0.204 (0.394)		0.203 (0.113)	0.204 (0.115)
Age × 2010			0.372 (0.121)		0.371 (0.004)	0.372 (0.004)
Age × 2015			0.548 (0.023)		0.547 (0.000)	0.548 (0.000)
Age × HBMI			1.388 (0.000)			1.388 (0.000)
Age × Low PA			−0.131 (0.497)			−0.129 (0.741)
Age × Smoking			0.007 (0.975)			0.0193 (0.963)
Models Selection Parameters Estimates among GLM and Mixed Effect Models
Model	AIC	BIC	Log Likelihood	Test	L. Ratio	p-Value
GLM	2646.76	2716.74	−1304.38
Model 1	2451.29	2499.18	−1212.64	GLM vs. 1	183.46	<0.0001
Model 2	2434.55	2500.86	−1199.27	1 vs. 2	26.73	<0.0001
Model 3	2422.40	2499.76	− 1190.20	2 vs. 3	18.14	<0.0004

Notes: Data from GBD study in 2017; bold values denote statistical significance at p < 0.05.