Table 1.

Research articles on the health care of internally displaced women in Africa.

Author	Purpose of Study	Design	Country/Setting of Research	Study Results
Ager et al. (2018) [24]	To elicit local descriptions of gender-based violence experienced by women in camp	Participatory ranking method	Northern Uganda	Rape and intimate partner violence were of greatest concern. Normalization of violence within the home, where abusive actions were considered normal.
Stark et al. (2010) [25]	To establish incidence rates for gender-based violence in IDP camps in northern Uganda.	Interviews: a neighborhood methodology	Northern Uganda	Gender-based violence—particularly intimate partner violence—is commonplace in post-conflict Uganda
Stark et al. (2017) [26]	To identify discrepancies in the conceptualization and reporting on inter- personal violence in humanitarian settings.	Mixed method	DRC and Sudan	Group-based qualitative method elicited narratives of violence focusing on events perpetrated by strangers or members of the community more distantly connected to girls.
Cardoso et al. (2016) [27]	To understand the factors in the urban environment contributing to intimate partner violence experiences of women	Focus group	Cote d’Ivoire	Extreme financial insecurity and lack of social support predispose women to sexual exploitation when they try to access resources to provide for their families. The risk is higher for women without partners.
Aham-Chaibuotu et al. (2019) [28]	To examine the influence of conflict and displacement on gender relations, sexuality, and natality of internally displaced women in Nigeria	Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews	Northern Nigeria	Sexuality and procreation needed to be understood in the context of cultural values. The popular idea of sexual violence from a theoretical standpoint did not hold true for the examined population.
Logie et al. (2019) [29]	To explore factors associated with intimate partner violence and young adulthood violence among forcibly displaced young women	Cross-sectional survey	Kampala, Uganda	Sexual relationship was associated with decreased odds of poly-victmization. Normal actvities of daily living put young women at risk for sexual violation.
Oladeji et al. (2018) [30]	To report the disclosure and outcomes of sexual violence-related pregnancies (SVRP) among rescued female victims of Boko Haram insurgencies	Clinic records review	Borno state, Nigeria	The mean age of women with SVRP was 15 years. All concerned women desired to terminate their pregnancies but did not have access to abortion at the clinic because of the country’s abortion laws. Some were thought to have travelled outside the camp to have the abortion done.
Almedom et al. (2005) [31]	To assess the impact of prolonged displacement on the resilience of Eritrean mothers	Mixed methods	Eritrea	Women in camps had lower scores on Sense of Coherence compared with men.
Almedom et al. (2007) [32]	To identify the determinants of sense of coherence (resilience) in displaced Eritrean persons	Quantitative questionnaire approach: Sense of Coherence scale assessment	Eritrea: Northeast Africa	Displacement had a significantly negative effect on women compared with men. Hamboka women had the lowest Sense of Coherence score because of their experience of serial displacement.
Hamid et al. (2010) [33]	To investigate the effects of the Darfur crisis on the mental health of internally displaced women	Mixed methods	Darfur, Sudan	72% of the participants were classified as nonpsychotic psychiatric cases. Living conditions and security inside camps need improvement.
Kinyanda et al. (2010) [34]	To examine the long-term health consequences of war-related sexual violence among rural women living in camps	Purposive cross-sectional study design: structured interview	Northern Uganda	Age group of less than or equal to 44 years, being Catholic, and having at least one gynecologic complaint was connected with war-related sexual violence.
Olanrewaju et al. (2018) [35]	To explain the challenges of displacement and the coping startegies of internally diaplaced women in Nigeria	Qualitative approach with a descriptive survey	Yola and Abuja, northern Nigeria	Lack of social and financial support was a major challenge for women. Access to economic opportunities would affect coping.
Corbin et al. (2018) [36]	To explore resilience among internally displaced women in norther Uganda	Qualitative study	Nwoya and Gulu district, northern Uganda	Resilence was located in the women’s coping and maintenance of family and social relationships
Kim et al. (2007) [37]	To assess basic health, women’s health, and mental health among Sudanese IDPs in South Darfur	Questionnaire survey	Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan	Birth control use among IDP women was low and half of the population had experienced an unattended birth. The prevalence of major depression was 31%.
Kizza et al. (2012) [38]	To examine the role of alcohol in suicides	Qualitative psychological autopsy method	Northern Uganda	Economic disempowerment aggravated alcohol abuse in men, which had an effect on women’s mental health and suicide rates.
Kizza et al. (2012) [39]	To investigate suicide among women in a post-conflict context	Qualitative psychological autopsy interviews	Northern Uganda	The decision to choose suicide is linked to a pattern of unpleasant experiences that prevailed in the three months prior to the suicide.
Roberts et al. (2009) [40]	To measure the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among IDPs, and investigate associated demographic and trauma-exposure risk factors	Cross-sectional survey	Northern Uganda	18% of women and 8% of men had been raped or sexually abused. Gender was a determinant of mental distress, with women twice as likely as men to exhibit symptoms of PTSD and over four times as likely as men to exhibit symptoms of depression
Kisindja et al. (2017) [41]	To describe family planning awareness and needs among internally displaced women	Cross-sectional survey	DRC	Contraceptive knowledge among female camp residents was moderate, actual usage was low, and a considerable proportion reported a history of induced abortion, including self-induced abortion.
Ali et al. (2013) [42]	To investigate the unmet need for family planning and associated factors, and total demand for family planning	Community-based cross-sectional household survey	Eastern Sudan	Age, age at marriage, number of children, residence, and experience of child death were not associated with total unmet need for family planning. Housewives, and women with less than secondary education had higher total unmet need for family planning.
Decker et al. (2011) [43]	To assess the factors that influence the use of contraception among women in post-war Angola	Semi-structured interviews	Angola	Internally displaced women described difficulty paying for services, the lack of nearby services, and limited knowledge about contraceptive choices.
McGinn et al. (2011) [44]	To document and disseminate data on family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices among displaced women	Population-based household surveys and health facility assessments	Sudan, Uganda, and the DRC	Use of modern contraceptive methods among women was under 4% in four program areas: West and South Darfur, Southern Sudan and Eastern Congo.
Orach et al. (2009) [45]	To explore female and male IDPs’ perceptions of their access to information about rights, access to health services, and experiences of gender-based violence	Cross-sectional study	Northern Uganda	Most women perceive gender-based violence as common in these settings. The main interventions include treatment of physical injuries, testing, treatment for STIs, and counselling.
Adam (2015) [46]	To determine the association between the place of delivery for maternal health education and home visits, and women’s socio-demographic characteristics	Cross-sectional study	Darfur-Sudan	Having home visits for maternal health education is associated with a 43% reduction in odds of giving birth at home, compared to not receiving home visits. The level of women’s education and the camp of residence predict home births.
Adam et al. (2015) [47]	To examine women’s awareness and use of reproductive health care services in emergency settings	Cross-sectional surveys	Darfur-Sudan	37% reported home-birth; 63% reported a facility-based delivery.
Chi et al. (2015) [48]	To explore perceptions of the effects of armed conflict on maternal and reproductive health services (MRH) and outcomes	Descriptive qualitative study	Burundi and northern Uganda	The perceived effects of the conflict on MRH outcomes include increased maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality; high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and SGBV; increased levels of prostitution, teenage pregnancy and clandestine abortion; and high fertility levels.
Kim et al. (2009) [49]	To analyze HIV, STI, and sexual risk as part of a larger reproductive health assessment of females in IDP camps	Two-stage random sample household survey	DRC	Sexually transmitted infection symptoms in the past 12 months and a history of sexual violence during the conflict were linked with HIV infection in the IDP population.
Obol et al. (2011) [50]	To assess the level of knowledge and misconception about malaria among pregnant women in post-conflict IDP camps	Cross-sectional study using a semi-structured questionnaire	Northern Uganda	Most pregnant women in the post-conflict IDP camps had knowledge about malaria symptoms but maintained misconceptions about the transmission and consequences.
Dræbel et al. (2013) [51]	To assess aspects of malaria infection, prevention, and treatment in a population of resettled pregnant women.	Cross-sectional study	South Sudan	Primary school attendance was a stronger predictor for use of malaria risk reduction measures than any of the other selected background characteristics.
Draebel et al. (2014) [52]	To explore lay perceptions of malaria and therapeutic process among 30 resettled pregnant women	Semi-structured interviews	South Sudan	Women relied on homemade remedies and concoctions, traditional healers’ cures, magical rituals, and private formal and informal medicine vendors at the local market before seeking a malaria diagnosis and treatment at the health center.
Obol et al. (2013) [53]	To establish the prevalence and factors associated with insecticide-treated net (ITN) use among pregnant women in IDP camps	Cross-sectional study	Northern Uganda	Factors that hinder ITN utilization were the hours taken to reach a health centre and being unmarried.
Brooks et al. (2017) [54]	To explore the factors influencing bednet ownership and use in an IDP camp with free bednet distribution	Mixed methods	Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)	Health information on bednets was routinely provided in the camp, as noted by respondents. Some women who receive bednets resell them for money to purchase food items for their families.