Table 4.
Country-specific and summary odds ratio for the association between citizenship and the following health-related characteristics and behaviours: perceived health status, body mass index, smoking habits, physical activity and attendance of breast and cervical cancer screening.
| Citizenship | Austria | Bulgaria | Greece | Poland | Spain | Pooled Estimate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (1) | 95% CI | OR (1) | 95% CI | OR (1) | 95% CI | OR (1) | 95% CI | OR (1) | 95% CI | SOR (2) | 95% CI | I2 | |
| Perceived health status (very good or good vs. fair, bad, or very bad) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.81 | 0.57–1.16 | 0.74 | 0.22–2.46 | 0.59 | 0.32–1.08 | 0.82 | 0.27–2.44 | 0.74 | 0.55–1.00 | 0.75 | 0.61–0.92 | 0.0% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 0.39 | 0.31–0.49 | 0.43 | 0.06–3.10 | 0.77 | 0.48–1.22 | 0.56 | 0.16–1.90 | 0.61 | 0.49–0.76 | 0.54 | 0.39–0.75 | 63.4% |
| Body mass index (≥25 vs. <25 kg/m2) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.78 | 0.60–1.01 | 0.25 | 0.07–0.96 | 0.61 | 0.39–0.95 | 2.16 | 0.63–7.41 | 0.94 | 0.70–1.14 | 0.79 | 0.60–1.06 | 55.2% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 1.65 | 1.36–2.01 | 1.71 | 0.36–8.11 | 0.65 | 0.49–0.85 | 1.37 | 0.53–3.54 | 1.39 | 1.18–1.63 | 1.20 | 0.80–1.81 | 87.4% |
| Smoking habits (smoker vs. non-smoker) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.68 | 0.52–0.90 | 2.08 | 0.36–11.98 | 0.51 | 0.32–0.82 | 2.90 | 0.69–12.23 | 0.59 | 0.48–0.71 | 0.65 | 0.50–0.85 | 46.9% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 0.58 | 0.48–0.70 | 1.40 | 0.27–7.26 | 1.96 | 1.48–2.60 | 0.56 | 0.24–1.31 | 1.73 | 1.46–2.04 | 1.10 | 0.57–2.11 | 95.5% |
| Physical activity (active vs. inactive) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.80 | 0.60–1.07 | 0.89 | 0.23–3.51 | 1.39 | 0.72–2.66 | 2.02 | 0.51–7.93 | 1.27 | 1.05–1.55 | 1.10 | 0.81–1.50 | 49.8% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 0.49 | 0.41–0.60 | 0.50 | 0.15–1.61 | 2.13 | 1.40–3.25 | 1.47 | 0.57–3.81 | 0.94 | 0.82–1.09 | 0.95 | 0.56–1.62 | 92.5% |
| Attendance of breast cancer screening (yes vs. no) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.82 | 0.46–1.45 | 2.52 | 0.40–15.76 | 1.19 | 0.23–6.10 | 0.38 | 0.05–3.07 | 0.30 | 0.17–0.52 | 0.66 | 0.31–1.39 | 60.6% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 0.55 | 0.30–1.02 | - | - | 0.28 | 0.11–0.72 | 1.26 | 0.12–13.69 | 0.17 | 0.09–0.32 | 0.34 | 0.16–0.71 | 64.0% |
| Attendance of cervical cancer screening (yes vs. no) | |||||||||||||
| nationals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| nationals of other EU countries | 0.66 | 0.42–1.01 | 1.25 | 0.26–5.97 | 0.81 | 0.38–1.72 | 0.94 | 0.18–4.91 | 0.55 | 0.41–0.74 | 0.61 | 0.49–0.77 | 0.0% |
| nationals of non-EU countries | 0.18 | 0.13–0.25 | 0.32 | 0.05–2.06 | 0.41 | 0.28–0.62 | 0.55 | 0.15–2.06 | 0.63 | 0.51–0.78 | 0.38 | 0.20–0.73 | 89.9% |
(1) Country-specific odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariable logistic regression models further adjusted for gender, age, marital status, educational level, employment status, urbanisation of the area of residence and presence of chronic illnesses. See text for details. (2) Summary odds ratio (SOR) and corresponding 95% CI were calculated using random effect meta-analysis models.