Table 1.
Lifestyle or environmental exposures associated with differential DNA methylation patterns in humans *.
| Exposure | Genes Containing Differentially Methylated CpG Sites or Regions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Self | ||
| Aging | Panel of 353 CpG sites (Horvath method); Panel of 71 CpG sites (Hannum method) |
[41,42] |
| Cigarette smoking | AHRR, F2RL3, GPR15 | [36,37,38,39,40] |
| Alcohol | CNTN4, CDC42BPB | [58,59,61] |
| BMI | ABCG1, CPT1A, SREBF1, HIF1A | [43,44,46,47,48] |
| Physical activity | PPARGC1A | [107,108] |
| Air pollution | FOXP3, IFN-γ, ICAM-1, TLR-2 | [109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116] |
| Stress | BDNF, KITLG, NR3C1, FKBP5, MAD1L1, HEXCD | [117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132] |
| Depression | BDNF, SLC6A4, NR3C1 | [133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147] |
| In utero/Peri-conception (maternal exposures) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | AHRR, CYP1A1, MYO1G, GFI1 | [72,74,75,76,104,105,106,148,149] |
| Alcohol (in context of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) | HLA-DPB1, FAM59B, CAPN10, DES, SLC6A3, SLC38A2, FAM24A, H19, TGFB1I1, PCDHB18, PCDHGA | [150,151] |
| BMI | CDHR3, ACTL10/NECAB3, POM121L1P, VIPR2, AGRN, GGTLC1 | [152] |
| Air pollution | COLEC11 | [153] |
| Stress | NR3C1 | [154,155] |
| Antidepressant use | ZNF575 | [156] |
| Interpartner violence | NR3C1 | [157,158] |
| Famine | INSR | [159,160] |
| Folic acid | ZFP57 | [161] |
| Pre-conception (paternal exposure) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | MAPK8IP3, TKR (in paternal sperm) | [97] |
* Only studies that identified statistically significantly differentially methylated CpG sites or regions (after adjusting for multiple comparisons) in at least two independent cohorts or in a meta-analysis are referenced in this table. For some exposures, most notably BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption, there were more genes with differentially methylated CpG sites or regions than listed in the table. Such genes can be found in the references indicated.