Table 1.
Studies of sun exposure in relation to ovarian cancer risk (incidence).
| Author, Year of Publication [Reference] |
Study Location | Study Design | Recruitment Period or Cohort Follow-up Years | No. Cases | No. Controls or Cohort Size | Measure of Sun Exposure | Timing of the Exposure Measurement | RR (95% CI) for Highest vs Lowest Exposure | Adjustment Variables | Study Quality 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bodelon, 2012 [31] | USA | Population-based case control | 2002–2009 | 1334 | 1679 | Mean erythemal exposure (EE) based on residential history | From age 25 to one year before study participation | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) 2 | Age, county of residence, calendar year, number of full-term pregnancies and duration of hormonal contraceptives. | 8 |
| Tran, 2012 [27] | Australia | Population-based case control | 2002–2005 | 1500 | 1459 | Average daily ambient ultraviolet radiation based on residential history | From age 5 to study participation | 0.73 (0.57–0.95) | Age, state of residence, body mass index, ever breastfeeding, parity, use of hormonal contraceptive pills and family history of breast/ovarian cancer. | 6 |
| Qin, 2016 [28] | USA | Population-based case control | 2010–2016 | 490 | 656 | Daylight hours spent outdoors in summer months | Not specified | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | Age, region, total energy intake, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, tubal ligation, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, pigmentation, recreational physical activity, body mass index and total vitamin D intake. | 7 |
| Prescott, 2013 3 [29] | USA | Prospective cohort | 1976–2010 | 970 | 75,613 4 | Ultraviolet-B (UVB) flux based on latitude, altitude and cloud cover | Baseline | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) | Age, duration of oral contraceptive use, number of pregnancies, tubal ligation, menopausal status, ever use of post-menopausal hormones and first-degree family history of ovarian cancer. | 6 |
| Prescott, 2013 3 [29] |
USA | Prospective cohort | 1989–2011 | 255 | 102,904 4 | UVB flux based on latitude, altitude and cloud cover | Baseline | 0,70 (0.53–0.93) | Age, duration of oral contraceptive use, number of pregnancies, tubal ligation, menopausal status, ever use of post-menopausal hormones and first-degree family history of ovarian cancer. | 6 |
1 Score based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; 2 The category of reference is an intermediate level of exposure; 3 This study reported on two cohort studies, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII); 4 Cohort size at mid-point of follow-up.