Table 2.
Adjusted relative risks (RRs) for the association between passive smoking exposure and cognitive impairment (ZJMPHS Program, Zhejiang, China).
| Covariates | Cognitive Impairment | Multivariate Adjusted Regression Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||
| n | % | n | % | Adjusted RR (95% CI) a | p-Value | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 69.4 | (6.5) | 73.3 | (7.8) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 2883 | 85.1 | 504 | 14.9 | 0.85 (0.73–0.969) | 0.040 |
| Han ethnicity | 5486 | 81.8 | 1222 | 18.2 | 1.30 (0.92–1.84) | 0.141 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| 18.5–24.99 | 3565 | 82.4 | 764 | 17.6 | 1.00 | |
| <18.50 | 241 | 70.7 | 100 | 29.3 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | 0.007 |
| >24.99 | 1635 | 84.0 | 311 | 16.0 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.305 |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate or semiliterate | 2647 | 78.2 | 737 | 21.8 | 1.00 | |
| Primary school | 2612 | 85.2 | 454 | 14.8 | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 0.964 |
| Junior high school | 372 | 86.1 | 60 | 13.9 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 0.825 |
| High school or higher | 69 | 88.5 | 9 | 11.5 | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) | 0.605 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 83 | 86.5 | 13 | 13.5 | 1.00 | |
| Unmarried | 4599 | 83.9 | 885 | 16.1 | 1.31 (0.77–2.25) | 0.319 |
| Widowed | 986 | 73.7 | 352 | 26.3 | 1.27 (0.74–2.19) | 0.390 |
| Divorced | 23 | 79.3 | 6 | 20.7 | 1.56 (0.57–4.24) | 0.388 |
| Job | ||||||
| Never worked | 1254 | 74.7 | 424 | 25.3 | 1.00 | |
| Farmers | 2545 | 83.2 | 513 | 16.8 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.035 |
| Housework | 657 | 80.0 | 164 | 20.0 | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.023 |
| Workers | 642 | 88.1 | 87 | 11.9 | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.038 |
| Others | 577 | 89.3 | 69 | 10.7 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.043 |
| Family income (1000 ¥/year) | ||||||
| <10 | 734 | 69.7 | 319 | 30.3 | 1.00 | |
| 10–19 | 1175 | 77.1 | 349 | 22.9 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.273 |
| 20–49 | 1673 | 87.5 | 239 | 12.5 | 0.62 (0.52–0.73) | <0.001 |
| 50–99 | 1026 | 84.2 | 192 | 15.8 | 0.74 (0.62–0.87) | <0.001 |
| ≥100 | 1087 | 87.2 | 159 | 12.8 | 0.58 (0.48–0.69) | <0.001 |
| Participation in group activities | ||||||
| Never | 3359 | 78.7 | 910 | 21.3 | 1.00 | |
| Occasionally | 1559 | 85.7 | 261 | 14.3 | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | <0.001 |
| Frequently | 778 | 89.7 | 89 | 10.3 | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Non-smokers | 3951 | 80.2 | 978 | 19.8 | 1.00 | |
| Current smokers | 1163 | 85.8 | 193 | 14.2 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 0.923 |
| Ex-smokers | 586 | 86.8 | 89 | 13.2 | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.295 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | 3751 | 80.4 | 917 | 19.6 | 1.00 | |
| Current drinkers | 1554 | 85.3 | 268 | 14.7 | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 0.109 |
| Ex-drinkers | 389 | 84.6 | 71 | 15.4 | 0.95 (0.74–1.20) | 0.648 |
| Tea consumption | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | 4032 | 80.1 | 1003 | 19.9 | 1.00 | |
| Current drinkers | 1534 | 86.6 | 238 | 13.4 | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | 0.004 |
| Ex-drinkers | 117 | 90.0 | 13 | 10.0 | 0.49 (0.27–0.88) | 0.016 |
| Physical exercise | 1198 | 88.5 | 155 | 11.5 | 0.68 (0.58–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Physical work | 2083 | 89.3 | 249 | 10.7 | 0.70 (0.61–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Passive smoking exposure | 819 | 82.5 | 174 | 17.5 | 1.16 (1.01–1.35) | 0.047 |
| Cumulative dose of passive smoking exposure (days) | ||||||
| <40 | 174 | 81.3 | 40 | 18.7 | 1.00 | |
| 40–299 | 336 | 80.8 | 80 | 19.2 | 1.17 (0.62–1.46) | 0.277 |
| ≥300 | 199 | 87.3 | 29 | 12.7 | 0.72 (0.41–1.32) | 0.421 |
a Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), education, marital status, job type, family income, participation in group activities, smoking, alcohol consumption, tea consumption, physical exercise, or work. RR: relative risk; CI: confidence interval; ZJMPHS Program: Zhejiang Major Public Health Surveillance Program.