Table 7.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of MN frequency in EBC of children associated with individual or environmental factors.
| Independent Variables | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male) | 0.96 | 0.63 to 1.45 | 0.844 |
| Age | 1.03 | 0.80 to 1.32 | 0.830 |
| Normal weight | 0.82 | 0.54 to 1.25 | 0.360 |
| Respiratory diseases 1 | 0.94 | 0.56 to 1.59 | 0.829 |
| Taking medicine 2 | 1.46 | 0.78 to 2.74 | 0.242 |
| Sport | 0.64 | 0.42 to 0.97 | 0.034 |
| High adherence to MD 3 | 0.50 | 0.27 to 0.94 | 0.033 |
| Fresh fruit consumption per day | 1.03 | 0.98 to 1.06 | 0.071 |
| Father employed | 1.15 | 0.64 to 2.06 | 0.643 |
| Mother employed | 1.38 | 0.89 to 2.13 | 0.150 |
| Father with a college degree | 1.39 | 0.74 to 2.61 | 0.303 |
| Mather with a college degree | 0.77 | 0.44 to 1.33 | 0.345 |
| At least one parent smoker | 1.37 | 0.81 to 2.30 | 0.242 |
| Residence in heavily trafficked streets | 2.12 | 1.24 to 3.63 | 0.006 |
| Days of fireplace use per month 4 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.03 | 0.735 |
| Days of wood/pellet stove use per month 4 | 1.02 | 0.97 to 1.06 | 0.430 |
| Internal gas boiler | 1.67 | 0.86 to 3.27 | 0.132 |
| Living with people smoking at home | 0.84 | 0.42 to 1.65 | 0.605 |
| Consumption of fried foods 4 | 0.73 | 0.35 to 1.51 | 0.392 |
| Consumption of barbecued foods 4 | 1.57 | 1.02 to 2.40 | 0.040 |
| Consumption of foods cooked on the griddle 4 | 1.01 | 0.66 to 1.55 | 0.949 |
| Consumption of toasted bread 4 | 1.13 | 0.74 to 1.72 | 0.580 |
| Consumption of pizza cooked in a wood oven 4 | 1.04 | 0.66 to 1.65 | 0.871 |
| PM0.5 | 1.25 | 1.16 to 1.34 | <0.001 |
1 beyond the common cold; 2 in addition to common antibiotics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory agents; 3 according to KIDMED score; 4 in the month preceding the survey.