Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of participants (N = 272).
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Type of diabetes | ||
| 1 | 101 | 37.1 |
| 2 | 171 | 62.9 |
| Duration of diabetes, y | ||
| ≥10 | 113 | 41.5 |
| <10 | 159 | 58.5 |
| Drug for diabetes | ||
| Insulin only | 134 | 49.3 |
| Oral agent only | 107 | 39.3 |
| Insulin + oral agent | 31 | 11.4 |
| Body mass index category | ||
| Underweight | 25 | 9.2 |
| Normal weight | 151 | 55.5 |
| Overweight | 71 | 26.1 |
| Obese | 25 | 9.2 |
| Pre-existing hypertension | ||
| Present | 125 | 46 |
| Absent | 147 | 59.6 |
| Stage of current systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Normal (<120) | 72 | 26.5 |
| Elevated (120–129) | 48 | 17.6 |
| Stage 1 (130–139) | 100 | 36.8 |
| Stage 2 (>=140) | 52 | 19.1 |
| Stage* of current diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| 60–79 | 113 | 41.5 |
| 80–89 | 109 | 40.1 |
| 90–109 | 50 | 18.4 |
| Presence of retinopathy | ||
| Present | 31 | 11.4 |
| Absent/not known | 241 | 88.6 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||
| Present | 40 | 14.7 |
| Absent | 232 | 85.23 |
| Type of cardiovascular disease | ||
| Congestive heart failure/ hypertensive heart disease | 12 | 4.4 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 17 | 6.3 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2 | 0.7 |
| Stroke | 3 | 1.1 |
| Other† | 6 | 2.2 |
| None | 232 | 85.3 |
| Previous known kidney disease | ||
| Present | 7 | 2.6 |
| Absent | 265 | 97.4 |
| Family history of kidney disease | ||
| Present | 3 | 1.1 |
| Absent/unknown | 269 | 98.9 |
| Noncardiovascular illness | ||
| Present | 20 | 7.4 |
| Absent | 268 | 98.5 |
⁎
Diastolic blood pressure stages are defined as normal (60–79 mm Hg), stage 1 (80–89 mm Hg), or stage 2 (90–109 mm Hg).
†
Other types of cardiovascular disease include degenerative valvular heart disease and dyslipidemia.