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. 2020 Mar 6;8:124. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00124

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Copyright © 2020 Liu, Liu, Cui, Wang, Zhang and Tang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The enhancement of hMSCs prelabeled with either RGD-modified or TREK-antibody-modified MNPs in hydrogel for biomineralization. (A) Schematic illustration of the experiment. (A1) The integrins or the TREK1 ion channel modified MNPs were used to label hMSCs. (A2) The MNP-labeled hMSCs were either transplanted into an ex vivo chick femur model (A2i) or incorporated into a hydrogel (A2ii). (A3) BMP-2-releasing PLGA microspheres were fabricated using an emulsion method. (A4) The combined effect of labeled cells and BMP-2-releasing hydrogels was studied. (B–E) Bone mineralization sites (green) within the cartilaginous chick fetal femur (white) were used to express the location and extent of mineralization. The experiments were conducted as follows: sham injection (B), magnetic stimulation alone (C), injection of hMSCs alone (D), and injection of hMSCs followed by magnetic stimulation (E). (F,G) The RGD tripeptide (F) or TREK-antibody (G) modified MNPs led to mineralization. (H,I) The injection of hMSCs prelabeled with either RGD-modified (H) or TREK-antibody-modified (I). MNPs in femurs showed more alkaline phosphatase activity (J) and the greatest extent of mineralization (K). *p < 0.05. Scale bar = 1 mm [reproduced with permission from Henstock et al. (2014), Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons].