Table 2.
Univariable linear mixed regression models predicting OME consumption during the first month following surgery with year of surgery included as a random intercept.
| Overall (n = 913) (predicting OME standardized by surgery type) |
Hysterectomy (n = 246) |
Knee (n = 325) | Hip (n = 221) | Thoracic (n = 121) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.003 | <0.001 | −2.9 | 0.5 | <0.001 | −8.5 | 2.9 | 0.003 | −13.0 | 2.3 | <0.001 | −3.2 | 1.4 | 0.018 |
| Male | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.221 | -- | -- | -- | 44.2 | 54.4 | 0.416 | 48.8 | 53.7 | 0.364 | 8.7 | 39.5 | 0.825 |
| Caucasian (= 1) | −0.34 | 0.12 | 0.005 | −28.6 | 18.3 | 0.118 | −40.9 | 108.0 | 0.705 | −254.1 | 109.1 | 0.020 | −249.3 | 120.2 | 0.038 |
| Married | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.586 | 6.9 | 15.1 | 0.646 | 55.5 | 61.5 | 0.367 | −65.6 | 61.0 | 0.282 | 24.0 | 40.6 | 0.554 |
| College graduate | −0.23 | 0.07 | <0.001 | −28.5 | 12.8 | 0.026 | −38.1 | 54.3 | 0.483 | −206.9 | 53.8 | <0.001 | −28.2 | 39.5 | 0.475 |
| Alcohol use | |||||||||||||||
| None (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Low to moderate | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.250 | 7.4 | 13.2 | 0.575 | 103.7 | 55.0 | 0.060 | −86.7 | 54.4 | 0.111 | 44.6 | 38.0 | 0.241 |
| Heavy/former abuse | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.057 | 72.2 | 59.7 | 0.226 | −172.1 | 166.9 | 0.302 | 211.2 | 125.2 | 0.091 | 337.5 | 119.1 | 0.005 |
| Tobacco | |||||||||||||||
| None (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Former tobacco | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.464 | 4.6 | 16.8 | 0.786 | 121.7 | 56.6 | 0.025 | −24.1 | 56.3 | 0.669 | −45.8 | 39.7 | 0.248 |
| Current tobacco | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.001 | 25.7 | 25.8 | 0.319 | 329.4 | 133.8 | 0.014 | 335.2 | 106.4 | 0.002 | 3.7 | 71.0 | 0.958 |
| Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria Score | 0.04 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 0.005 | 16.8 | 8.3 | 0.044 | 18.6 | 7.2 | 0.009 | 8.7 | 5.5 | 0.112 |
| Function | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.004 | −4.2 | 2.0 | 0.034 | −4.0 | 7.9 | 0.608 | −24.6 | 7.8 | 0.001 | −6.1 | 5.8 | 0.294 |
| Fatigue | 0.04 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.011 | 9.8 | 7.2 | 0.175 | 20.9 | 6.2 | 0.001 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 0.131 |
| Sleep disturbance | 0.03 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 0.002 | 9.4 | 3.8 | 0.012 | 12.8 | 3.6 | <0.001 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 0.049 |
| Anxiety | 0.06 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 8.1 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 14.3 | 11.3 | 0.207 | 36.7 | 9.2 | <0.001 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 0.277 |
| Depression | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 6.1 | 2.5 | 0.017 | 0.3 | 11.8 | 0.981 | 43.3 | 9.8 | <0.001 | −4.1 | 8.1 | 0.609 |
| Catastrophizing (n = 906) | 0.03 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.136 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 0.278 | 23.0 | 5.0 | <0.001 | 9.3 | 4.2 | 0.028 |
| Pain severity - Overall body pain (BPI) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.047 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.431 | −4.0 | 10.2 | 0.699 | 25.2 | 9.3 | 0.006 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 0.349 |
| Pain severity – Surgery-site-specific pain (BPI) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 0.024 | 17.8 | 13.6 | 0.191 | 29.2 | 12.4 | 0.019 | 23.7 | 10.1 | 0.019 |
| Initial prescription size (OMEs) | 0.001 | 0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Hysterectomy approach | |||||||||||||||
| Laparotomy (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Laparoscopy | −44.8 | 25.0 | 0.074 | ||||||||||||
| Vaginal | −60.5 | 25.0 | 0.016 | ||||||||||||
| Robotic | −28.2 | 29.4 | 0.338 | ||||||||||||
| Thoracic surgical approach | |||||||||||||||
| Thoracotomy (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| VATS | −83.4 | 55.5 | 0.130 | ||||||||||||
| Robotic | −74.3 | 59.8 | 0.214 | ||||||||||||
Coefficients for opioid consumption in the “Overall” category refer to standardized OMEs across all 4 surgical groups. Coefficients for the individual surgical groups refer to non-standardized OMEs (in mg). OME = oral morphine equivalent.