Interoperability in NHS hospitals must be improved: the Care Quality Commission should be a key actor in this process

The transformation of the National Health Service (NHS) into a digital service has been slower than other comparable healthcare systems.¹ Seventeen years on from the National Programme for IT, interoperability between NHS hospital Trusts remains highly variable across the country. In order to accelerate progress, we argue that the Care Quality Commission should provide regulatory oversight.

Here we set out three reasons for the Care Quality Commission to take on this role. First, regulation of this area falls under the Care Quality Commission’s remit since the ability for care providers to exchange and access data is fundamental to both patient safety and quality of care. Second, a regulatory requirement can force the prioritisation of interoperability, and encourage Trusts to seek solutions from electronic medical record vendors. Third, interoperability has the potential to benefit the Care Quality Commission itself, through data-driven identification of patient safety problems.

Data sharing is necessary to realise the long-term vision of the NHS

Interoperability is – today – integral to safe and high-quality care.^2,3 It describes the ability of disparate electronic systems to communicate with each other and exchange data, and the ability for such data to be accessed and used cooperatively.⁴ In healthcare systems that make significant use of IT, considerable numbers of patient safety incidents and adverse drug events have been linked to interoperability-related challenges.^5,6 Plans to improve interoperability have been part of multiple recent NHS documents, including the NHS Long Term Plan,⁷ the Wachter Review,⁸ the Topol Review⁹ and the Five Year Forward View.¹⁰

The end-benefits of advanced interoperability are well recognised. As well as reducing the administrative burden of gathering data for clinicians, interoperability is vital to unlocking the potential of the government’s population health management vision.¹¹ Interoperability allows transformation of fragmented data assets into well-curated research datasets.¹²

Furthermore, advances in data sharing and access could eliminate the process of manual data collection for NHS audit.

To date, progress in hospital interoperability in the UK has been limited

Progress on interoperability has been slow. In the 2016 NHS Digital Maturity survey, only 56 out of 249 surveyed Trusts shared care records digitally with non-primary care providers. More recently, an independent survey on NHS interoperability showed that 33% of surveyed hospital Trusts could not electronically access outside patient data.¹³

The principle challenge in delivering interoperability is the fragmentation of responsibility for IT infrastructure. Multiple vendors are contracted to create proprietary electronic medical records tailored for local trusts with little thought to external data sharing. To allow for useful interoperability in this environment, both standardisation of data between electronic medical records, and access to a wide scope of data must be implemented.

Policymakers have attempted to tackle this issue¹⁴ but there is little incentive for vendors to make changes in the scope that is required. More needs to be done, with challenging but achievable timelines set nationally and implemented locally under regulatory pressure.

Regulating interoperability clearly falls within the Care Quality Commission’s stated remit

There is now a clear obligation for the Care Quality Commission to use their regulatory powers to monitor interoperability for three reasons: clinical safety; quality of care; and to provide an independent voice on the state of digital performance in NHS hospitals.

First, interoperability between NHS hospitals impacts on safe care, and thus falls under the remit of the Care Quality Commission. The Care Quality Commission already implements this reasoning in their inspection frameworks for ambulance,¹⁵ emergency¹⁶ care and acute¹⁷ hospital services. Under the umbrella of ‘Safety’, lines of enquiry ask about information availability, coordination between information systems and data access (S3.4). The Care Quality Commission has previously evaluated ambulance Trusts in the above areas. These aspects are no less important to patient safety in hospitals and should now become a key part in routine Care Quality Commission reports for NHS hospital Trusts.

Second, the Care Quality Commission already subscribes to the model of interoperability as a key quality indicator. As we have described, the downstream benefits of interoperability are recognised and are laid out in key NHS policy documents of the past few years. The Care Quality Commission have launched their own ‘Integrations, pathways, and place’ programme to ‘look at how well services work together’ and ‘how the way we regulate could respond to new ways of providing care’.¹⁸ Policymakers have opened the door for regulation: Personalised Health and Care 2020 states that the Care Quality Commission should take digital services into account from 2016 as part of its regulatory regime.

Third, an independent voice is needed to provide transparency to the progress of hospital interoperability and related factors such as trust-vendor relationships. The best current data on our national progress in NHS interoperability come from a one-off survey by an American consultancy.¹³ Regular independent assessment, from an experienced regulator at a trust level, will demonstrate how we are progressing along our digital roadmap. A stated aim of the Care Quality Commission is to provide an independent voice on ‘the state of health and adult social care in England on issues that matter to the public, providers and stakeholders’.¹⁹ This voice can be used to empower change and improve understanding of the importance of sharing information.

Practically, the Care Quality Commission can be an effective regulator

The introduction of Care Quality Commission regulation can result in the expansion of interoperability in NHS hospitals. Without initiative from vendors to improve interoperability, the onus must be on Trusts themselves – Care Quality Commission regulation provides Trusts with substantial incentive and penalty to look for solutions.

Regulatory weight will force Trusts to prioritise implementation of interoperability and thereby indirectly encourage vendors to provide solutions. The current relationship between Trusts and vendors is highly asymmetrical: electronic medical record systems are in the control of software vendors who generally charge monetary fees for additional features. Currently, this may discourage Trusts from prioritising upgrades towards interoperable systems. However, a regulatory requirement would turn interoperability into a key prerequisite that is prioritised in any contract negotiations or discussion about electronic medical record updates. Data collected²⁰ have shown that very few acute NHS Trusts currently consider franchising when contracting electronic medical records.

Armed with a regulatory requirement, Trusts can present a united and systematic approach to negotiating for interoperability, resulting in preferential consideration being given to vendors that offer more expansive interoperability as part of their electronic medical record package. This possibility of balancing vendor–provider asymmetries is particularly true for smaller companies producing specialist software within single specialties or for use with specific procedures.

Finally, interoperability could usher a new era for arms-length body data collection and use in the NHS. At present, the majority of Care Quality Commission assessment is conducted by visiting inspectors at a minimum of every five years. The benefit to the Care Quality Commission includes early identification of worrying trends in patient safety, allowing for ad hoc inspection and earlier intervention.

The Care Quality Commission may choose to incorporate assessment of interoperability capabilities into existing inspections with a checklist system usable by generalist inspectors. Alternatively, Trusts can be required to provide written submissions that are centrally assessed as part of its evaluation. Ultimately, training a specific cadre of inspectors would allow the development of separate inspection programmes to review Trust implementation and interoperability of electronic medical records in detail. A barrier to such proposals may be expense, although the cost of such measures would be variable and dependent on implementation, with central evaluation likely cheaper than the development of separate inspections. Given the opportunity costs of physician time alone, it is important to consider efficient use of health IT.²¹

Conclusion

The involvement of the Care Quality Commission can act as a catalyst to improve interoperability within the NHS. This form of regulation by the Care Quality Commission could also act as an enabler of pooling customer power across NHS Trusts, thus rebalancing the market forces which are currently in favour of the electronic medical record vendors. Ultimately, this could contribute to better procurements and more effective electronic medical record systems in the NHS.

We recognise that the regulatory powers of the Care Quality Commission begin and end in the quality, safety and transparency of patient care. While we have discussed the benefits of interoperability which extend beyond this remit, we do not propose that Care Quality Commission has oversight or visibility of these downstream functionalities. Rather, regulating interoperability is an enabler for these functionalities to occur, particularly as it opens the door for systems level discussion with vendors and policymakers. The Care Quality Commission clearly has no regulatory power over vendors themselves, but the Care Quality Commission is able to deem progress unsatisfactory and oblige the prioritisation of interoperability, as well as transparency, in trust-vendor discussions.

The role of the Care Quality Commission proposed here will only be effective within the broader context of oversight from and cooperation with other NHS arms-length bodies. NHSX is a newly formed unit which could take a leadership role with regards to interoperability. Digital policy, digital standard setting and interoperability fall explicitly within the remit of NHSX. NHSX could therefore provide clear guidance to the Care Quality Commission on outcomes and methodologies for regulation of interoperability. In addition, NHSX could coordinate action by other bodies on interoperability. For example, NHS England could set tariffs to ensure that there are payment incentives for providers to ensure interoperability within local health economies. The importance of the Care Quality Commission’s role in this framework is direct regulatory implication for NHS Trusts.

The NHS Long Term Plan, and several other recent policy documents, embrace a digital future for the NHS. The setting up of digital health fellowships to train clinicians in data science, the NHS Digital Academy, the appointment of Trusts as global digital exemplars, and regions as local health and care record exemplars are important steps towards developing and utilising interoperability in the future. Interoperability is a key enabler to realising wider ambitions but could rapidly become a roadblock to this vision without further work.

Declarations

Competing Interests

None declared.

Funding

None declared.

Ethics approval

Not required.

Guarantor

JZ and SB.

Contributorship

SB and JZ conceived and drafted the presented idea. HS, OH, BH, NS helped develop the idea. All authors contributed to the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Klas Research for access to their NHS interoperability report.

Provenance

Not commissioned; peer-reviewed by Jeremy Howick.

ORCID iD

Joe Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-2122