Table 4.
Volatile oils/essential oils from core herbs to associated pain.
| Molecule name | Pubchem CID | MW | OB(%) | DL | Major source | Potential Targets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-cymene(cymol) | 7463 | 134.24 | 27.2 | 0.02 |
Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong', Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Angelica sinensis |
SLC6A2,NET,E |
| carvacrol | 10364 | 150.24 | 43.28 | 0.03 |
Angelica sinensis, Cinnamomum cassia |
CHRM1,ADRB1,ADRA2C,SLC6A2,ADRA1A,SLC6A3,ADRB2,ADRA1B,ADRA1D |
| eugenol | 3314 | 164.22 | 56.24 | 0.04 |
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Cinnamomum cassia |
VR1,CACNA1G,TRPA1,TRPV1,UGT2B17,MAOA,ALOX5,CACNA1H,TMPRSS11D,FIP1L1 |
| menthol | 165675 | 156.3 | 59.33 | 0.03 | Cinnamomum cassia | TRPM8,TRPA1,TRPV3,TRPV1,ATF3,HTR3A,OPRK1,VR1,TMPRSS11D,TRPM2 |
| cinnamaldehyde | 637511 | 132.17 | 31.99 | 0.02 | Cinnamomum cassia | TRPA1,SLC2A4,PTGS2,NOS2,AKR1C2,MAPK8,MAPK14,NQO1,RELA,CASP8 |
| beta-citronellol | 101977 | 156.3 | 38.89 | 0.02 | Citrus medica L. | ADH1C,PTGS2,NCOA6 |
| (L)-alpha-terpineol | 443162 | 154.28 | 48.8 | 0.03 |
Angelica sinensis, Curcuma phaeocaulis, Cinnamomum cassia |
GABRA6,CHRM3,CHRM1 ,GABRA2,GABRA5,NET,CHRM2,ADRA1B,SLC6A2,GABRA1,CHRM3,CHRM1,SLC6A2,GABRA1,ADRA1A,IGHG1 |
| vanillin | 1183 | 152.16 | 52 | 0.03 |
Ligusticum sinense Oliv Angelica sinensis |
TRPV3,MMP9,KCNK3,UGT1A10,UGT1A8,UGT1A3,UGT1A7,CA1,CA2 |
| borneol | 6552009 | 154.28 | 81.8 | 0.05 | Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Paeonia lactiflora, Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton |
CYP2C8,GABRA2,GABRA5,CHRM2,GABRA1,IGHG1,GABRA6,PTGS1,PTGS2,NET,MAOB,NCOA2 |
| pulegone | 442495 | 152.26 | 51.6 | 0.03 | Mentha canadensis L. | GABRA2,GABRA1,CYP2C8,GABRA5,CHRM2,CHRM1,NET,GABRA6,CYP19A1,SPEN |
| limonene | 440917 | 136.26 | 39.84 | 0.02 |
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl |
PTGS2,GABRA1,ADH1B,ADH1C,CYP2C8,NCOA2,CHRM2,GABRA2,CHRM1 ,GABRA5,IGHG1,GABRA6 CYP2C19,CYP2C9,PPARG NOS1,NOS3,NOS2,MTRR,POR,IPP |
| geraniol | 637566 | 154.28 | 23.93 | 0.02 | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | ADH1B,ADH1C,PGR,CCND1,MAPK3,CDK4,BAK1,HERC1,PRKCB,HMGCR,CYP2B6,SI,LCT |
| anethole | 637563 | 148.22 | 32.49 | 0.02 | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | CDH1,NFKBIA,MAPK3,MMP9,IKBKB,AKT1,MAPK1,MMP2,ADRA2C,NET,ADRA1A,SLC6A2,ADRB2,MAOB,MAOA,E,REN,PRSS3,CHRM1,NFKB3,JUN,IKBKG,IL2 |
| peruviol | 5356544 | 222.41 | 29.61 | 0.06 | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | PTGS2,NET |
| carvone | 439570 | 150.24 | 49.47 | 0.03 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Shengjiang) | TP53,GABRA2,GABRA1,CYP2C8,GSTP1,GSR |
| (Z,Z)-farnesol | 1549107 | 222.41 | 41.14 | 0.06 | Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl | CASP3,FDFT1,MAOB,UGT1A3,UGT1A4,AKR1C3,AKR1B10,UGT1A1,UGT1A9,UGT2B4,PTGS1,PTGS2,RXRA,NET,MAOB |
| myrcene | 31253 | 136.26 | 24.96 | 0.02 |
Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum sinense Oliv. |
ADH1C,GABRA1 |
| thymol | 6989 | 150.24 | 41.47 | 0.03 |
Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ |
TRPV3,UGT1A7,UGT1A1,UGT1A10,UGT1A9,CASP9,CASP8,UGT1A8,CASP3,WDFY2 |
| β-caryophyllene | 5281515 | 204.39 | 29.7 | 0.09 |
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Curcuma phaeocaulis |
PTGS1,CHRM3,CHRM1,PTGS2,GABRA2,RXRA,CHRM2,ADRA1B,CHRNA2,GABRA1,NCOA2,GABRA6,NET,ADRA1A,SLC6A2,IL6 |
| γ-terpinene | 7461 | 136.26 | 33.02 | 0.02 |
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Conioselinum anthriscoides Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Angelica sinensis var. wilsonii (H.Wolff) Z.H.Pan & M.F.Watson |
PTGS2,ACHE,GABRA1,DPP4,ADH1C,CYP2C8,ADH1A,ADH1B |