Fig. 18.

Patient-Specific Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) bioink using 3D bioprinting of alginate scaffold a Schematic of PRP extraction and its incorporation with alginate to form patient-specific bioink b Schematic of proposed bioprinting process c PRP incorporated alginate scaffold containing fluorescence particles. d Images of different PRP-alginate constructs. In the production of these constructs 0.04% (w/v) CaCl₂, 50 U ml^− 1 PRP, and 1% (w/v) alginate was used. e, f The fabricated constructs could easily be removed from the substrate without losing their integrity. g Metabolic activity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treated with alginate and alginate/PRP over 5 days without any growth factor. h Metabolic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with alginate and alginate/PRP over 3 days without any growth factor. (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) [129]. Faramarzi, N., et al., Patient-Specific Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Advanced healthcare materials, 2018. 7(11), Copyright (2020)