Table 2. Coding ethogram used during the live coding procedure.

This was added to throughout live coding as behaviours of interest were observed. This ethogram was provided to the second coder for reliability coding.

Behaviour	Description
Place nut	The subject places one/several nuts on the surface of the anvil. This is also coded if the subject drops the nut onto the anvil. The nut may roll off the anvil after being “placed” this is acceptable as it is likely due to the nut’s shape and the angle of the anvil’s surface.
Hold hammer	The subject picks up the hammer—with the nut on the anvil, by holding the wood itself or the securing attachment.
Raise hammer	The subject lifts the hammer above the nut—this may be at/below/above head height for the subject.
Drop hammer	The subject brings the hammer down onto the nut, which must be resting on the anvil. The hammer can be dropped or held in the hand the entire time. This behaviour can be repeated until the nut is cracked. The behaviour is coded each time the behaviour occurs—i.e., each time the nut is struck.
Eat nut	The subject takes the kernel of the, now broken nut and eats it. Note, this must have followed cracking of the nut by the subject.
Stamp	The subject uses their foot to stamp on the nut, which has been placed on the anvil.
Throwa	The subject, whilst sitting on the anvil, throws the nut in any direction.

Notes.

^aNote that throw did not require any behaviours preceding it.