Table 1.

The potential biomarkers between physical frailty and cognitive decline.

Physiological links	Potential biomarkers
Chronic inflammation	IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12, TNF-α, CRP, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, IL-1Ra, sTNFR1
Impaired HPA stress response	DHEA-S, GH, Cortisol, testosterone
Imbalanced energy metabolism	IGF-1, SIRT1, Ghrelin
Endocrine dysregulation	IR, vaspin, adiponectin, leptin
Mitochondrial dysfunction	mtDNA
Oxidative stress	ROS
Genomic markers	APOEε4, APOEε3, IL-6 rs1800796, TNF rs1800629, IL-18 rs360722, IL1-beta rs16944, COMT rs4680, COMT rs4646316, BDNF, CRP rs1205, IL-10 1082CC, IL-1α rs1800587, IL-1β rs1143634
Metabolomic markers	LPC 18:2, LPC 18:1

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tissue necrosis factor alpha; CRP, C-reactive protein; sTNFR1, Soluble TNF receptor 1; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary axis; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor -1; SIRT1, Silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1; IR, Insulin resistance; ROS, reactive oxygen species; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; ApoE, Apolipoprotein E; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine.