TABLE 1.
Tumor-derived exosomes involved in suppression of the immune response.
| Immunosuppressive molecule | Function | References |
| Fas-L, placental alkaline phosphatase, B23/nucleophosmin | T cell apoptosis | (28) |
| Fas-L | CD8 + T cell apoptosis | (25) |
| Fas-L | Induction of receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in Jurkat and activated T cells. | (26) |
| TGF-β | Differentiation to myofibroblast | (15) |
| TGF-β | T cell suppression | (29) |
| NKG2D-L | NK cell suppression | (32) |
| NKG2D-L | NK cell down regulation | (33) |
| BAG6, BAG4 | Tumor evasion | (35) |
| ND | Treg induction | (39) |
| ND | Treg induction | (40) |
| PGE2 and TGF-β | Induction of MDSC expressing Cox2, IL-6, VEGF and arginase-1 | (78) |
| STAT3 | MDSC induction | (41) |
| IL-6 | Blockade of DC differentiation | (43) |
| RIG1 and STAT1 | Therapy resistancy | (44) |
| PGE2 | DC dysfunction | (42) |
| Upregulation of inhibitory genes | Functional decline in T cells | (37) |
| TGF-β and PD-L1 | Drug resistance | (30) |
ND, not defined.