Comparison of the photocatalytic efficiency of nanocellulose–TiO₂ composite systems prepared by different methods.

TiO2 nanoparticle size	Precursor	Catalytic application	Performance	Ref.
3–4 nm	Ti(SO4)2	Photodegradation of methyl blue and antibacterial activity	>98% dye removal	This work
			>99% bacteria reduction
20–40 nm	Ti(SO4)2 (hydrothermal)	Photodegradation of methyl orange	>99% dye removal	77
4.3–8.5 nm	Ti(OBu)4 (hydrothermal)	Photodegradation of methyl orange	>99% dye removal	78
∼20 nm	Commercial	Antibacterial activity	Up to 87.9% bacteria reduction	79
∼200 nm	Ti(OiPr)4 (microwave)	Photodegradation of rhodamine B	74% dye removal	80
12 nm	Commercial	Antibacterial activity	Up to 50% bacteria reduction	81
<25 nm	Commercial	Degradation of nitrophenols	Up to 88% nitrophenols removal	82
N/A	Ti(OiPr)4	Photodegradation of eosin Y	Up to 90% dye removal	83
Nanotube with 7 nm thickness	CVD	Photodegradation of methyl blue	>99% dye removal	84