. 2020 Feb 18;14(1):171–179. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1693507

Table 2. Summary of characteristics of the included studies.

Author, year, country; design	Sample		Age				Results
	Sample		Mean (±SD), in years	Methods of evaluation			Results
	Source	Size	Mean (±SD), in years	Periodontitis	Cortisol levels	Statistical analysis
Abbreviations: BOP, bleeding on probing; CAL, clinical attachment loss; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PD, probing depth; SD, standard deviation.
Ishisaka et al 2008 ²⁵ ; Japan; cross-sectional	Fukuoka, Japan	467	62.6±2.89	CAL, BOP, and PD.	Radioimmunoassay, seric levels.	Kruskal–Wallis	An association between cortisol and CAL levels was detected ( p = 0.11), with higher levels of cortisol in sites with elevated CAL
		Control: 107
		Stress: 187
Hilgert et al 2006 ²⁴ ; Brazil; cross-sectional	Porto Alegre, Brazil	235	Control: 61.4±7.2	CAL, BOP and PD.	Radioimmunoassay, salivary levels.	Multivariate logistic regression	Cortisol levels were positively associated with a CAL ≥ 4 mm (OR = 5.1, 95% CI [1.2, 20.7]) ; 30% of sites with CAL ≥ 5 mm (OR = 6.9, 95% CI [1.7, 27.1]); and 26% of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm (OR = 10.7, 95% CI [1.9, 54.1]) after adjusting for confounding variables
		Control: 212	Stress: 61.6±8.3
		Stress: 23
Bakri et al, 2013 ²² ; United Kingdom; case–control	Sheffield, United Kingdom	45	Control: 49.8±9.7	CAL, BOP, PD, tooth mobility, Gingival recession	ELISA (salivary levels)	Student's t-test	No difference between means of CAL and PD IN stressed and nonstressed patients was detected
		Control:16	Stress: 44.6±10.4
		Stress: 29