Table 2.
Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) for current smoking from standardized risks, SGM adults, N=453, 2017, USA, weighted
| Predictor Variable | Total Sample (N=453) | Lesbian (n = 129) | Gay (n = 134) | Bisexual (n = 164) | Transgender or non-binary (n = 26) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNIVERSAL RISKS | |||||
| Adverse childhood events | |||||
| Food insecurity | 0.99 (0.77–1.18) | 0.77 (0.38–1.54) | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 0.90 (0.38–2.14) |
| Substance abuse in the home | 1.24 (0.98–1.59)† | 0.85 (0.47–1.54) | 1.20 (0.75–1.91) | 1.45 (1.01–2.09) | 2.23 (1.12–4.43) |
| Physical abuse | 1.23 (0.98–1.56)† | 0.96 (0.55–1.67) | 1.22 (0.74–2.01) | 1.54 (1.07–2.24) | 0.88 (0.44–1.75) |
| Emotional abuse | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) | 1.25 (0.71–2.20) | 1.55 (0.97–2.46)† | 1.25 (0.48–3.23) |
| Social environment, substance use oriented | |||||
| Hang out with people who smoke cigarettes | 5.25 (3.02–9.13) | 4.13 (1.68–10.10) | 5.03 (2.31–10.90) | 7.06 (2.69–18.50) | 3.14 (0.67–14.70) |
| Hang out with people who drink heavily | 1.55 (1.20–2.01) | 1.27 (0.75–2.13) | 2.01 (1.08–3.75) | 1.47 (0.99–2.18)† | 2.03 (0.78–5.32) |
| Hang out with people who use marijuana | 1.95 (1.44–2.64) | 1.87 (1.15–3.04) | 1.73 (0.94–3.18)† | 2.26 (1.43–3.60) | 2.95 (0.63–13.80) |
| Mental distress | |||||
| Kessler-6 3-item anxiety composite (ɑ = .71) | 1.32 (0.98–1.77)† | 0.74 (0.41–1.36) | 1.52 (0.85–2.70) | 1.59 (1.05–2.42) | 0.69 (0.25–1.92) |
| Kessler-6 3-item depression composite (ɑ = .78) | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 1.08 (0.63–1.85) | 1.36 (0.75–2.47) | 1.73 (1.22–2.47) | 1.66 (0.74–3.73) |
| SGM-SPECIFIC RISKS | |||||
| Stigma | |||||
| Heard LGBTQ people are not normal | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | 0.86 (0.55–1.35) | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | 1.41 (0.43–4.64) |
| If possible, would choose NOT to be LGBT | 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | 0.35 (0.17–0.73) | 1.49 (0.99–2.23)† | 1.35 (0.91–1.99) | 0.66 (0.18–2.45) |
| Family hurt or embarrassed b/c LGBTQ | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.75 (0.42–1.32) | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | 0.69 (0.33–1.43) |
| Rejected by friend or family member b/c LGBTQ | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) | 0.77 (0.45–1.31) | 1.41 (0.79–2.52) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 4.40 (1.37–14.20) |
| Discrimination | |||||
| Stare at you b/c LGBTQ | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 1.41 (0.87–2.29) | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 1.11 (0.50–2.45) |
| Treat badly/exclude you b/c LGBTQ | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 0.70 (0.35–1.39) | 1.28 (0.78–2.12) | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | 1.85 (0.86–4.01) |
| Treat badly/exclude you b/c of gender expression | 1.11 (0.85–1.44) | 1.04 (0.60–1.80) | 1.35 (0.80–2.27) | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) | 2.51 (0.95–6.61)† |
| Treated unfairly by an employer b/c LGBTQ | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | 1.60 (0.98–2.61)† | 2.59 (1.09–6.16) |
| Subjected to slurs or jokes b/c LGBTQ | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.82 (0.46–1.43) | 1.41 (0.69–2.88) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 0.52 (0.18–1.51) |
| Threatened or physically attacked b/c LGBTQ | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | 1.36 (0.74–2.49) | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 0.76 (0.47–1.25) | 1.32 (0.65–2.68) |
| Social environment, substance use oriented | |||||
| Attended a drag show in the past year | 1.79 (1.09–2.96) | 2.40 (0.83–6.89) | 3.00 (1.09–8.29) | 0.86 (0.37–1.98) | 5.25 (0.60–46.30) |
| Social isolation | |||||
| Difficult to find new LGBTQ friends if you wanted | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 0.95 (0.63–1.42) | 0.41 (0.14–1.19) |
| Identity concealment | |||||
| Avoid talking about being LGBTQ with family | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 1.16 (0.63–2.11) | 0.71 (0.42–1.19) | 0.93 (0.64–1.37) | 0.08 (0.01–1.18)† |
| Avoid talking about being LGBTQ with friends | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 1.10 (0.67–1.82) | 0.89 (0.52–1.50) | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) | 1.12 (0.32–3.90) |
Bold indicates p<.05, ɑ = Cronbach’s alpha;
†
p<.08; italics indicate dichotomous predictor; note that predictors are standardized and OR thus reflects predicted change for 1 standard deviation increase