Table 3:
Expression of microRNAs in different phases of HIV infection
| miRNA | Expression | Type of cell | HIV-associated phase/disease | Model | Method | Note | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-28, 125b, 150, 223, 382 | Up | Resting primary CD4+ T cell | Latency | Human, in vitro | Microarray stem-loop RT-PCR | Targets the 3′ ends of HIV messenger RNAs | (125) |
| miR-17-5p, 20a | Up | CD8+ T cell | Latency | Human, in vitro | Northern blot | Suppression of HIV replication by reducing PCAF (Tat co factor) expression | (74) |
| miR-132 | Up | Active CD4+ T cell | Latency | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Promotes HIV Replication | (127) |
| miR-H3 | Up | Resting CD4+ T cell | Latency | In vitro | Deep sequencing | Enhances viral production and Replication activates HIV latency | (94) |
| miR-196b, 1290 | Up | - | Latency | In vitro, Human | Microarray Real-time RT-PCR | Keep the virus in the latent phase | (128) |
| miR-155 | Up | - | Latency | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Keep the virus in the latent phase and decrease of NF-KB Signaling pathway | (138) |
| miR-29a | Up | - | Latency | Human, in vitro | Real time PCR | Repress active HIV replication in Latent phase | (126) |
| miR-128 | Up | CD4+ T cells blood-derived monocytes | Maybe in Latency | In vitro | - | Type I interferon induce expression of mir-128 and inhibition of viral nuclear entry and viral replication | (30) |
| miR-34a | Up | - | AIDS | In vitro | Real time PCR | Up regulation n of miR-34a enhanced Tat-induced LTR transactivation through repressing SIRT1 and increasing the transcriptional activity of NF-kB | (117) |
| miR-181b | Up | Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) | AIDS | in vitro | Real time PCR | Gp 120 increase level of miR-181b and induce of IL-6 expression, As a result, chronic inflammation occurs | (139) |
| miR-124a | Up | CD4+ T cells | AIDS | HUman | Real-time RT-PCR | Decrees level of SIRT1 protein and activating Th2 type CD4+ T cells leads to secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines | (119) |
| miR-29a, 223, 27a, 19b, 151-3p, 28-5p, 766, 30a-3p, | Up | CD4+ T cells | HIV/AIDS | Human | Real-time RT-PCR TaqMan Low-Density Array | (120) | |
| mir-146a | Up | Microglial cells | Neuro AIDS | Human | Real-time RT-PCR | Keeping HIV-mediated chronic inflammation of the brain, induce the latency of the virus in microglial cells | (140) |
| miR-101 | Up | human brain microvascular endothelial cells | HIV-associated neurological disorders | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | TAT C protein induces expression of miR-101 and block VE-Cadherin, Destruction of endothelial permeability | (130) |
| miR-34c-3p, 93-3p, 381-3p, 500a-5p | Up | Primary macrophages | HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders | Human, in vitro | Microarray | Decline levels of peroxisomal proteins and defense against anti-viral | (131) |
| mir-128a | Up | Primary cortical neurons | HIV Encephalopathy (HIVE) | Human, in vitro | Microarray Real-time RT-PCR | TAT induced expression of mir-128a and disrupt neuronal activity | (141) |
| miR-198 | Up | Monocytes (macrophage) | - | In vitro | Microarray | Decreased cyclin T1 protein and repress of HIV replication and gene expression in monocytic | (142) |
| miR-217 | Up | Galactosidase indicator (MAGI) cells | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | miR-217 promotes Tat-induced HIV LTR transactivation by inhibit of SIRT1 expression and decrease AMPK signaling pathway, promote NF-κB activation | (143) |
| miR-155 | - | Macrophages | - | In vitro | Microarray | TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation in Macrophage, promote expression of miRNA and inhibit Inhibition of the post-entry, pre-integration steps | (144) |
| miR-32 | Up | Microglia cell | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | The Tat C protein induces miRNA and down regulate the expression level of TRAF3, over expression IRF3 and IRF7 | (145) |
| miR-29a | Up | T lymphocytes | - | In vitro | Real Time RT-PCR | Represses HIV Replication | (29) |
| miR-223 | Up | CD4+CD8- | - | In vitro | microarray Real time PCR | Inhibit of Vif. Vpr and Nef proteins | (146) |
| miR-9 | Up | Macrophages | - | Human, in vitro | Real time PCR | Methamphetamine and HIV promote expression of miR-9. Induce neurotransmitter release in dopaminergic neuron | (147) |
| miR-34a | Up | vascular endothelial cells | - | Human, in vitro, in vivo | Real time PCR | TAT protein, p53, lopinavir/ritonavir induce miR-34a expression and increased EC senescence | (148) |
| miR-TAR-3p | Up | monocyte-derived macrophages(MDMs) | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | MiR-TAR-3p Decrease virus replication via targeting the TAR element in the 5´ LTR and reduce genome transcription | (149) |
| miR-1236 | Up | Monocytes | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Repress HIV Infection in Monocytes | (150) |
| miR-222 | Up | CD4 T cell | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Up regulation mir-222 by HIV tat and NFKB, decreasing rate of CD4 | (151) |
| miR-150, 28-5p, 125b | Up | CD4+ T cell | - | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Methamphetamine reduces HIV Replication via up regulation of mir-125b, miR-150 and miR-28-5p | (152) |
| miR-34a | Up | T-cells | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Promotes HIV replication in t cell | (153) |
| miR-29 family | Up | CD4+ T lymphocytes CD14+ monocytes | - | Human | Real time PCR | - | (154) |
| miR-29 | - | primary lymphoid CD4 T cells | - | Human, in vitro, in vivo | Real time PCR | IL-21 increase level of mir-29 and inhibit HIV replication | (155) |
| miR-221, 222 | Up | monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) | - | In vitro | RNA-seq | TNFα induce expression of mir-222/221 and restrict HIV entry in Macrophages | (156) |
| hsa-miR-21, 222 | Up | CD4+ T cells | - | In vitro | Microarray | Inhibition of apoptosis through reduction of PTEN-AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathway, enhance hiv1 replication and promote energy and depletion of CD4+ T Cell, Increasing the expression of miRNA by tat protein | (28) |
| hsa-miR-29a | Up | - | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Block Nef expression and decrease of virus levels | (157) |
| miR-326 | Up | - | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Inhibit of 3´ LTR genome and decreased HIV replication | (158) |
| miR-182 | Up | - | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Increase in Tat-induced HIV LTR transactivation and promoting the transcriptional activity of NF-kB | (159) |
| miR-19b, 146a, 615-3p, 382, 34a, 144, 155 | Up | - | - | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Useful biomarker for the determination of prognosis | (160) |
| let-7c | Up | - | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Increase viral replication and spread, promote virion release and higher copy number of viral genome transcripts in infected cells | (161) |
| miR-34a, 124a | Up | - | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Increase viral replication and spread, promote virion release and higher copy number of viral genome transcripts in infected cells | (161) |
| miR-15a/b, 16, 20a, 93, 106b | Up | Monocytes monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) | - | In vitro | Microarray Real-time RT-PCR | Decrease of tat and Pur-α proteins, Represses HIV replication in monocytes | (162) |
| hsa-miR541-3p, 518f-3p, 195-3p | Up | - | - | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Represses HIV replication and induce antiviral responses | (163) |
| miR-9 | Down | CD4+ cells | Latency | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Inhibit of IL2 transcription and development of T cell exhaustion during chronic HIV infection | (164) (165) |
| miR-31, 29b, 590-5p | Down | CD4+ T cell | Latency | Human | Real time PCR | Useful for prognostic and diagnostic, strategy to choose patients who would benefit from earlier ART | (166) |
| hmiR-che-1 | Down | CD4+ T cell | Latency AIDS | Human, in vitro | Real time PCR | Increase Vpr protein and over expression of hiv1-mir-H1 | (167) |
| miR-125b | Down | Primary CD4+ T cells | AIDS | Human, in vitro | Microarray Real Time RT-PCR | Cocaine promotes HIV replication and increase of virus entry | (121) |
| miR-146b-5p | Up Down | - | AIDS | Human | Real-time RT-PCR | (116) | |
| miR-150 | Up | - | AIDS | Human | Real-time RT-PCR | (116) | |
| miR-21, 155 | Down | Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) | Suggest in AIDS | In vitro | Real time PCR | Gp 120 decreases level of miR-21/155 and induces IL-6 expression, as a result, chronic inflammation occurs | (139) |
| miR-221, 222 | Down | Monocytes | HIV-Associated Cardiomyopathy | In vitro, in vivo | Real-time RT-PCR | TAT promotes Expression of ICAM-1 and increase NF-kB, MAPK signaling pathways | (133) |
| miR-200, 33 | Down | Podocytes | HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) | In vitro, in vivo | microarray Real time PCR | Contributes to the progress of the proliferative phenotype of HIVAN | (134) |
| miR-196a | Down | Neuronal | HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) | In vitro, in vivo | Real time PCR | TAT induce of p73, p53 and inhibit miR-196a Increase apoptosis in neuronal cells | (132) |
| miR-3162-3p | Down | - | Acute | Human, in vitro | microarray Real time PCR | Potential biomarker to identify HIV new infections in HIV infected persons | (114) |
| miR-29a/b | Down | CD4+CD8- | - | In vitro | microarray Real time PCR | Increase Nef and cdc42 promotes apoptosis in cd4 cells | (146) |
| miR-155, 21 | Down | CD4+CD8- | - | In vitro | microarray Real time PCR | - | (146) |
| miR-155, 20a | Down | Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCCs) | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Cocaine reduces CD83 and enhances DC-SIGN, LTR and pu.1 levels in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCCs), elevates HIV Infectivity | (168) |
| miR-106b | Down | CD4+ T cell | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Increase of p21 expression, Useful to provide a new therapeutic approach | (169) |
| miR-20a | Down | CD4+ T cell | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | Increase of p21 expression, Useful to provide a new therapeutic approach | (169) |
| miR-34c-5p | Down | Naïve CD4 T cells | - | Human, in vitro | miR RT-qPCR assays | Promotes HIV replication | (170) |
| miR-21 | Down | Monocytes | - | Human, in vitro | Real time PCR | Increased levels of NFKB and IFN-stimulated gene 15 lead to promoting inflammation | (171) |
| miR-181a | Down | Astrocytes compared to microglia | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Suppression of HIV replication | (172) |
| hsa-miR1225-5p, 18a, 335 | Down | - | - | Human, in vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | - | (163) |
| miR-29a-5p | Down | - | - | Human | Real time PCR | - | (173) |
| miR-27b | Up | Resting CD4+ T cell | - | In vitro In vivo | Microarray | In resting CD4+ T cells this miRNA directly binds the 3ʹ-UTR of cyclin T1 and inhibits expression, repressing HIV replication | (174) |
| miR-29b, 150, 223 | Up | Resting CD4+ T cell | - | In vitro In vivo | Microarray | In resting CD4+ T cells this miRNA directly binds the 3ʹ-UTR of cyclin T1 and inhibits expression, repressing HIV replication | (174) |
| miR-28, 150, 223, | Up | Monocytes/macrophages | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Represses HIV replication in macrophages and enhances replication in monocytes | (175) |
| miR-382 | Up | Monocytes/macrophages | - | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Represses HIV replication in macrophages and enhances replication in monocytes | (175) |
| miR-146a | Down | Resting primary CD4+ T lymphocytes | - | In vitro | Real time PCR | In resting primary CD4 T lymphocytes prevents HIV entry into T lymphocytes and myeloid cells In active CD4+ T lymphocytes enhances HIV entry | (176) |
| miR-N367 | - | T cell | Latency | In vitro, in vivo | Northern blot | Blocks Nef expression, decreases HIV virulence | (92) |
| miR-TAR-5p, TAR-3p | - | - | Latency | In vitro | Sequencing | Reducing apoptosis and promotes virus replication | (91) |
| miR-H1 | - | CD4+ T cell | Latency AIDS | Human, in vitro | Real time PCR | Promote CD4+ lymphopenia by decreasing AATF gene | (167) |
| vmiR88, 99 | - | Macrophage | AIDS | In vitro | Real-time RT-PCR | Stimulated human macrophage TNFα release | (109) |
| miR-N367 | - | T cell | - | In vitro | Northern blot | Decreases HIV transcription via the NRE of the 5´-LTR U3 region and Nef sequences at the 3´-UTR | (177) |
| miR-TAR-5p, TAR-3p | - | - | - | In vitro, in vivo | Northern blot | Effective on virus replication and Increased efficiency of host antiviral defense | (178) |
| hiv1-mir-H1 | - | - | - | In vitro | - | Suppression of mir149 expression and blocks AATF, Bcl-2, c-myc, Par-4 and Dicer genes, up-regulates Vpr protein, and increases apoptosis | (96) |
| hsa-miR-148 | - | - | - | Human | Real time PCR | (179) |