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. 2020 Jan 6;33(1):21–34. doi: 10.1007/s00497-019-00382-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Three patterns of flower development in BA-treated male flower meristem in Plukenetia volubilis. a–e Normal female flower development in treated flower meristem; a a flat floral apex is formed; b the carpel primordia are initiated; c the gynoecium primordium is formed; d the developed ovules in the ovary; e a normal female flower is formed; f–j hermaphroditic flower development in treated flower meristem; f a few stamen primordia are initiated at the base of floral apex; g the carpel primordia are initiated at the central of floral meristem; h the gynoecium primordium is formed with stamens at the base; i the developed ovules in the ovary; j a hermaphroditic flower is formed with fertile stamens and pistil. k–o Abnormal hermaphroditic flower development in treated flower meristem; k numerous stamen primordia are initiated; l the carpel primordia are initiated at the central of floral meristem; m an abnormal gynoecium is formed with numerous stamens at the base; n no ovules found in the ovary; o an abnormal hermaphroditic flower is formed with fertile stamens. Abbreviations: FA, floral apex; S, sepal primordium; Ca, Carpel primordium; St, stamen primordia; G, gynoecium primordium. Scale bar: (a, b, f, g, k, l) = 50 µm; (d, i, n) = 100 µm; (c, h, m) = 200 µm; (e) = 2 mm; (j, o) = 5 mm