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. 2020 Mar 13;10:4697. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61635-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Juvenile mice born to influenza virus-infected mothers and controls received a single dose of antibiotic via oral gavage, or vehicle. This paradigm of gut microbiota manipulation prevents MIA-induced cognitive deficits in adult mice. (B) Offspring mice born to influenza virus-infected mothers and controls were allowed to reach adulthood (left side of the panel). Juvenile mice born to control mothers received a single dose of antibiotic via oral gavage, or vehicle. After this manipulation, juvenile mice received fecal microbiota transplantation from adult MIA or mock mice (right side of the panel). Novel object recognition was tested in adult animals (n = 5 – 7 for (A) n = 5 – 13 for (B)). Two-way ANOVA (A) F[1,38] = 135.6, p < 0.001, see also Table S1; (B) (left side of the panel), F[1,40] = 19.76, p < 0.001; (B) (right side of the panel), F[1,20] = 40.14, p < 0.001). Bonferroni’s post hoc test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s., not significant). Data show mean ± s.e.m.