Figure 3.

Putative IL‐11 signalling pathways in fibroblasts. In contrast to TGFβ (and other upstream pro‐fibrotic stimuli), IL‐11 has a negligible effect on transcription in fibroblasts. Instead, IL‐11 signals via ERK to enhance translation of pro‐fibrotic proteins while also possibly employing EPRS activation to translate proline rich proteins where ribosomes can stall on proline repeat regions (PRRs). ACTA2, actin α2 (aka smooth muscle actin); COL1A2, collagen type 1 α2; eIF4E, eurkaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; EPRS, glutamyl‐prolyl‐tRNA synthetase; gp130, glycoprotein 130; IL‐11RA: IL‐11 receptor α; MNK, MAPK‐interacting serine/threonine‐protein kinase 1; p90RSK, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase; POSTN, periostin; TGFβ Rec, TGF β receptor