Table 1.
Characteristics of the Overall Study Sample and Participants With and Without NAFLD, the CARDIA Study, Year 25 Exam, 2010 to 2011
| Overall Sample (n=1827) | No NAFLD (n=1668) | NAFLD (n=159) | P Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 50.0±3.6 | 49.9±3.6 | 50.4 ±3.6 | 0.11 |
| Women | 1108 (60.7) | 1036 (62.1) | 72 (45.3) | <0.0001† |
| Black | 885 (48.4) | 818 (49.0) | 67 (42.1) | 0.10 |
| Grade of school completed | 15.2±2.6 | 15.2±2.6 | 15.3±2.4 | 0.57 |
| Income <$50 000/y | 593 (32.5) | 537 (32.3) | 56 (35.2) | 0.45 |
| Current smokers | 212 (11.8) | 196 (11.9) | 16 (10.2) | 0.52 |
| Any alcohol use | 907 (50.0) | 839 (50.6) | 68 (43.3) | 0.08 |
| Alcohol use among drinkers, mL/wk | 11.7±8.4 | 11.7±8.3 | 12.0±10.2 | 0.73 |
| Physical activity (exercise units/wk) | 337.6±273.9 | 342.2±275.7 | 290.4±250.1 | 0.02† |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hyperlipidemia | 400 (21.9) | 347 (20.9) | 53 (33.3) | 0.0003† |
| Hypertension | 573 (31.4) | 481 (28.9) | 92 (57.9) | <0.0001† |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (0.16) | 3 (0.18) | 0 (0) | 1.0‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus | 196 (10.8) | 132 (7.9) | 64 (40.3) | <0.0001† |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 160 (8.8) | 124 (7.4) | 36 (22.6) | <0.0001† |
| Metabolic syndrome§ | 397 (21.7) | 292 (17.5) | 105 (66.0) | <0.0001† |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118.5±15.6 | 118.0±15.7 | 124.2±13.5 | <0.0001† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.2±7.2 | 29.6±6.9 | 36.0±7.4 | <0.0001† |
| BMI ≥30 | 790 (43.3) | 662 (39.8) | 128 (80.5) | <0.0001† |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.84±0.09 | 0.83±0.08 | 0.93±0.08 | <0.0001† |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.0±0.28 | 1.99±0.27 | 2.26±0.27 | <0.0001† |
| CT fat measures | ||||
| SAT, cm3 | 340.0±170.0 | 331.8±169.5 | 426.1±150.8 | <0.0001† |
| VAT, cm3 | 125.5±69.8 | 116.8±62.7 | 216.8±75.2 | <0.0001† |
| Liver attenuation, HU | 56.4±11.1 | 58.9±7.2 | 29.6±8.4 | <0.0001† |
| Metabolic variables | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 98.0±25.2 | 95.7±20.9 | 122.1±46.0 | <0.0001† |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.7±0.87 | 5.6±0.76 | 6.4±1.4 | <0.0001† |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 192.8±36.1 | 193.2±35.9 | 188.0±38.5 | 0.09 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 113.3±31.8 | 113.7±31.6 | 108.6±33.4 | 0.06 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 58.0±17.0 | 59.1±17.0 | 46.4±12.0 | <0.0001† |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 109.7±84.3 | 102.5±63.2 | 185.3±183.3 | <0.0001† |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.87±0.40 | 0.87±0.42 | 0.87±0.18 | 0.95 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 96.0±19.5 | 95.8±19.3 | 98.3±21.4 | 0.12 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 3.00±4.67 | 2.83±4.56 | 4.78±5.35 | <0.0001† |
NAFLD=liver attenuation ≤40 HU. BMI indicates body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CT, computed tomography; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; VLDL, very‐low‐density lipoprotein.
Results are expressed as mean±SD or number (%); t test for continuous variables, Chi‐square, or Fisher exact for categorical variables for the difference between NAFLD and no NAFLD.
Statistically significant.
Fisher exact test.
Defined using ATPIII criteria.