Table 3.
Odds Ratios (95% CI) for the Longitudinal Association of NAFLD with Prevalent and Incident Abnormal Left Ventricular Geometry and Remodeling, The CARDIA Study
| Prevalent Abnormal LV Geometry and Remodeling | Incident Abnormal LV Geometry and Remodeling | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalent LVH | Concentric Remodeling* | Concentric Hypertrophy* | Eccentric Hypertrophy* | Incident LVH | Incident Abnormal LV Geometry | |
| Base model† | 2.74 (1.97–3.82)‡ | 1.48 (0.88–2.47) | 3.00 (1.89–4.75)‡ | 2.97 (1.96–4.48)‡ | 2.88 (1.78–4.66)‡ | 2.77 (1.70–4.50)‡ |
| Multivariable§ | 2.86 (2.02–4.05)‡ | 1.41 (0.83–2.40) | 2.89 (1.79–4.67)‡ | 3.26 (2.11–5.04)‡ | 2.91 (1.75–4.86)‡ | 2.78 (1.68–4.61)‡ |
| +HF risk factors∥ | 1.56 (1.00–2.43)‡ | 1.19 (0.65–2.17) | 1.27 (0.70–2.28) | 1.98 (1.16–3.37)‡ | 1.90 (1.06–3.40)‡ | 1.91 (1.11–3.29)‡ |
| Multivariable§ +HF RFs+ BMI | 1.27 (0.81–2.00) | 1.12 (0.61–2.05) | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) | 1.56 (0.91–2.67) | 1.43 (0.78–2.60) | 1.57 (0.90–2.73) |
| Multivariable§ +HF RFs+ %change BMI¶ | 1.57 (1.01–2.45)‡ | 1.13 (0.64–2.00) | 1.51 (0.88–2.59) | 2.24 (1.38–3.58)‡ | 1.90 (1.05–3.43)‡ | 1.93 (1.12–3.34)‡ |
| Multivariable§ +HF RFs+ VAT | 1.39 (0.88–2.20) | 1.10 (0.59–2.04) | 1.11 (0.61–2.04) | 1.74 (1.00–3.02)‡ | 1.67 (0.91–3.11) | 1.86 (1.04–3.30)‡ |
| Multivariable§ +HF RFs+ BMI+%change BMI¶ | 1.28 (0.81–2.01) | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | 1.06 (0.61–1.84) | 1.41 (0.86–2.33) | 1.42 (0.78–2.61) | 1.57 (0.90–2.74) |
Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area >115 g/m2 (men) or >95 g/m2.7 (women). Concentric remodeling was defined as relative wall thickness >0.42 and left ventricular hypertrophy. Concentric hypertrophy was defined as relative wall thickness >0.42 and left ventricular hypertrophy. Eccentric hypertrophy was defined as relative wall thickness ≤0.42 and left ventricular hypertrophy. Any abnormal left ventricular geometry was defined as either concentric hypertrophy or concentric remodeling or eccentric hypertrophy.24 BMI indicates body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVM, left ventricular mass; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; RWT, relative wall thickness; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
Result from multinomial model with normal geometry as referent.24
Adjusted for center only.
Statistically significant.
Multivariable model: adjusted for Y25 age, race, sex, study center, education, income level, alcohol intake (drinks/week), smoking status (current vs former/never), physical activity score.
Heart failure risk factors: Y25 systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, anti‐hyperlipidemic medication use, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus status, glomerular filtration rate, and Y25 echocardiogram measures (eg, Y25 left ventricular mass/body surface area [left ventricular hypertrophy model] or Y25 left ventricular relative wall thickness [left ventricular remodeling models]).
%change body mass index=(Y30 body mass index−Y25 body mass index)/Y25 body mass index×100.