Table 4.

Mulitvariable‐Adjusted Associations of Sleep With Energy and Nutrient Intakes

Predictor	Outcome	β±SE	P Value
PSQI scorea	Total energy intake	19±11	0.082
	% Fat intake	−0.19±0.10	0.052
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.05±0.04	0.192
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−0.14±0.07	0.048b
	% Protein intake	−0.003±0.04	0.951
	% Carbohydrate intake	0.18±0.12	0.116
	Fiber intake	0.04±0.60	0.511
Sleep qualityc	Total energy intake	108±82	0.184
	% Fat intake	−2.14±0.71	0.003b
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.64±0.30	0.031b
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−1.41±0.50	0.005b
	% Protein intake	−0.09±0.32	0.776
	% Carbohydrate intake	1.47±0.85	0.085
	Fiber intake	0.32±0.45	0.475
Sleep‐onset latencyd	Total energy intake	3±1	0.038b
	% Fat intake	−0.01±0.01	0.598
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.001±0.005	0.852
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−0.005±0.008	0.541
	% Protein intake	−0.004±0.005	0.433
	% Carbohydrate intake	0.01±0.01	0.432
	Fiber intake	−0.004±0.007	0.536
Sleep‐onset latency scoree	Total energy intake	426±132	0.001b
	% Fat intake	−1.31±1.17	0.266
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.38±0.49	0.429
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−0.95±0.83	0.253
	% Protein intake	0.27±0.52	0.612
	% Carbohydrate intake	0.24±1.4	0.862
	Fiber intake	0.06±0.74	0.930
Insomnia Severity Index scoref	Total energy intake	17±7	0.012b
	% Fat intake	−0.15±0.06	0.011b
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.03±0.02	0.179
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−0.11±0.04	0.007b
	% Protein intake	0.00±0.03	1.000
	% Carbohydrate intake	0.11±0.07	0.120
	Fiber intake	−0.005±0.37	0.894
Insomniag	Total energy intake	205±81	0.012b
	% Fat intake	−1.81±0.71	0.011b
	% Saturated fat intake	−0.52±0.30	0.080
	% Unsaturated fat intake	−1.25±0.50	0.013b
	% Protein intake	0.17±0.32	0.591
	% Carbohydrate intake	1.34±0.85	0.118
	Fiber intake	0.20±0.45	0.663

ISI indicates Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Multivariable‐adjusted linear regressions adjusted for age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, and health insurance status.

^aHigher scores indicate poorer sleep.

^bStatistical significance at P<0.05.

^cScore of 1 indicates poor sleep quality; 0 indicates good sleep quality.

^dHigher values indicate longer sleep‐onset latency (ie, time to fall asleep).

^eScore of 3 indicates the longest category of sleep‐onset latency (>60 m); score of 0 indicates the shortest category of sleep‐onset latency (≤15 m).

^fHigher scores indicate more severe insomnia.

^gScore of 1 indicates some, moderate, or severe insomnia; 0 indicates no insomnia.