Table 1.
Demographic and Perioperative Variables for all Patients With Classic HLHS Undergoing the Norwood Procedure, Postoperative Survivors, Postoperative Deaths, and Survivors to Neurocognitive Assessment
| Variables | Total Cohort (N=117) | Norwood Survivors (N=92) | Norwood Deaths (N=25) | Overall Survivors (N=68)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Gestational age, wk | 38.7 (1.8) | 39.1 (1.6) | 38.0 (2.1) | 39.0 (1.5) |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.5) |
| Male sex | 77 (65.8%) | 63 (68.5%) | 14 (56.0%) | 48 (70.9%) |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 4 (3.4%) | 3 (3.3%) | 1 (4.0%) | 2 (2.9%) |
| Prenatal diagnosis | 63 (53.8%) | 53 (57.6%) | 10 (40.0%) | 38 (55.9%) |
| Preoperative | ||||
| Highest serum lactate, mmol/L | 3.9 (3.3) | 3.6 (2.7) | 5.0 (4.6) | 3.8 (3.0) |
| Lowest arterial pH | 7.21 (0.13) | 7.22 (0.12) | 7.18 (0.14) | 7.20 (0.12) |
| Lowest PaO2 | 31.5 (6.7) | 32.0 (6.5) | 30.1 (5.6) | 32.0 (6.8) |
| Lowest base deficit, mmol/L | −6.4 (5.6) | −6.1 (5.2) | −8.0 (6.7) | −6.2 (5.0) |
| Highest inotrope score | 11.4 (27.9) | 11.4 (30.0) | 11.5 (18.0) | 7.4 (13.1) |
| Ventilation time, d | 8.4 (7.4) | 7.2 (6.1) | 12.0 (11.1) | 7.2 (6.0) |
| CPR | 4 (3.4%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (8.0%) | 2 (2.9%) |
| ECMO | 3 (2.6%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (8.0%) | 1 (1.5%) |
| Operative | ||||
| Age at surgery, d | 8 (7–11.5) | 8 (7–11) | 8 (5.8–13.3) | 8 (7–12.5) |
| Age at surgery >14 d | 18 (15.4%) | 13 (14.1%) | 5 (20.0%) | 10 (14.7%) |
| Weight, kg | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.6) |
| Year of surgery | 2002.9 (3.9) | 2003.1 (4.0) | 2001.4 (3.5) | 2003.5 (4.1) |
| MBTS | 56 (47.9%) | 40 (43.4%) | 16 (64.0%) | 24 (35.3%) |
| CPB, min | 124.4 (60.0) | 117.5 (52.0) | 150.0 (79.0) | 113.1 (46.0) |
| ACC, min | 45.8 (16.3) | 45.0 (15.1) | 47.3 (20.2) | 44.1 (15.0) |
| DHCA, min | 32.5 (18.8) | 31.2 (18.1) | 37.3 (22.0) | 30.2 (18.2) |
| Postoperative, day 1 | ||||
| Highest serum lactate, mmol/L | 8.4 (4.6) | 8.3 (4.5) | 10.1 (5.0) | 7.7 (3.6) |
| Lactate time to <2 mmol/L, h | 20.1 (17.8) | 18.2 (13.0) | 29.3 (28.1) | 16.1 (12.2) |
| Lowest arterial pH | 7.28 (0.09) | 7.29 (0.07) | 7.25 (0.13) | 7.28 (0.07) |
| Lowest PaO2 | 31.6 (7.0) | 31.5 (3.7) | 32.4 (4.1) | 31.2 (3.7) |
| Lowest base deficit, mmol/L | −1.7 (4.4) | −1.4 (3.7) | −2.9 (6.5) | −1.6 (3.8) |
| Highest inotrope score | 18.0 (19.9) | 15.2 (14.0) | 27.1 (33.1) | 15.3 (12.2) |
| Postoperative, day 2 to 5 | ||||
| Highest serum lactate, mmol/L | 4.5 (5.0) | 3.3 (3.8) | 9.1 (6.7) | 2.9 (2.0) |
| Lowest arterial pH | 7.32 (0.09) | 7.34 (0.05) | 7.25 (0.16) | 7.33 (0.05) |
| Lowest PaO2 | 33.7 (4.8) | 34 (4.1) | 34 (6.9) | 33 (3.9) |
| Lowest base deficit, mmol/L | −1.5 (4.2) | −0.67 (2.7) | −5.0 (6.6) | −0.6 (2.6) |
| Highest inotrope score | 22.8 (50.7) | 14 (10) | 58 (106) | 13 (8.2) |
| Postoperative, day 1 to 30 | ||||
| Ventilation time, d | 15.1 (11.9) | 14.2 (8.0) | 20.3 (20.1) | 14.3 (8.8) |
| ICU stay, d | 25.7 (18.9) | 26.2 (19.0) | 26.1 (20.4) | 25.3 (19.2) |
| Open sternum, d | 6.5 (7.6) | 5.0 (4.2) | 12.1 (4.4) | 5.2 (3.3) |
| Convulsion (patients) | 9 (7.7%) | 8 (8.7%) | 1 (4.0%) | 8 (11.8%) |
| CPR (patients) | 14 (12.0%) | 4 (4.3%) | 10 (40.0%) | 3 (4.4%) |
| ECMO (patients) | 14 (12.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 13 (52.0%) | 1 (1.5%) |
| Overall hospitalization | ||||
| Ventilation time, d | 23.3 (15.1) | 21.1 (11.2) | 31.2 (24.3) | 21.4 (11.2) |
| Hospitalization, d | 37.6 (24.7) | 38.9 (25.2) | 32.7 (22.6) | 39.2 (26.5) |
| Convulsion (patients) | 12 (10.3%) | 10 (10.9%) | 2 (8.0%) | 9 (13.2%) |
| CPR (patients) | 17 (14.5%) | 5 (5.4%) | 12 (48.0%) | 4 (5.9%) |
| Dialysis (patients) | 33 (28.2%) | 19 (20.1%) | 14 (56.0%) | 11 (16.2%) |
| Sepsis (patients) | 27 (23.1%) | 22 (23.9%) | 5 (20.0%) | 17 (25.0%) |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). ACC indicates aortic cross clamp; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DHCA, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; MBTS, modified Blalock‐Tausig shunt; PaO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen.
a
Survivors after the Fontan procedure, evaluated at 48 to 72 months of age.