Table 3.
Effects of IHT in Cardiovascular Parameters in Peripheral Artery Disease Patients
| Variables | Control Group (n=50) | IHT (n=29) | Interaction Effect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Pre | Post | n | Pre | Post | ||
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| Brachial SBP, mm Hg | 50 | 149 (23) | 146 (22) | 29 | 142 (21) | 136 (23) | 0.384 |
| Brachial DBP, mm Hg | 50 | 74 (11) | 74 (11) | 29 | 75 (10) | 72 (11)b | 0.047c |
| Central SBP, mm Hg | 46 | 138 (23) | 135 (21) | 27 | 133 (21) | 127 (24) | 0.544 |
| Central DBP, mm Hg | 46 | 75 (11) | 75 (11) | 27 | 76 (11) | 73 (11) | 0.086 |
| Heart rate variability | |||||||
| RR interval, msa | 45 | 880 (244) | 893 (238) | 25 | 896 (241) | 929 (194) | 0.929 |
| SDNN, msa | 45 | 30.3 (23.5) | 29.5 (23.1) | 25 | 29.4 (30.8) | 40.3 (38.2) | 0.212 |
| RMSSD, msa | 45 | 23.3 (24) | 18.9 (26.6) | 25 | 15.1 (33) | 23.0 (27.8) | 0.461 |
| pNN50, %a | 45 | 2.9 (12.8) | 2.1 (13.3) | 25 | 1.6 (14.3) | 3.2 (16.3) | 0.584 |
| Low frequency, ms2 | 45 | 214 (316) | 159 (482) | 25 | 257 (561) | 303 (734) | 0.264 |
| High frequency, ms2 | 45 | 180 (302) | 137 (412) | 25 | 74 (504) | 136 (591) | 0.828 |
| LF/HF | 45 | 1.64 (2.08) | 2.04 (3.21) | 25 | 2.54 (2.18) | 3.08 (3.87) | 0.964 |
| SD1, msa | 45 | 16.5 (27.9) | 13.4 (18.8) | 25 | 21.4 (10.7) | 16.3 (19.6) | 0.463 |
| SD2, msa | 45 | 39.6 (29.9) | 39.6 (31.8) | 25 | 38.3 (38.9) | 51.1 (47.9) | 0.477 |
| Shannon entropya | 45 | 3.21 (0.71) | 3.12 (0.49) | 25 | 3.33 (0.52) | 3.17 (0.41) | 0.769 |
| Sample entropya | 45 | 1.44 (0.72) | 1.48 (0.62) | 25 | 1.38 (0.38) | 1.38 (0.64) | 0.562 |
| Vascular mechanisms | |||||||
| Brachial pulse pressure, mm Hg | 50 | 75 (19) | 72 (20) | 29 | 67 (16) | 65 (17) | 0.389 |
| Central pulse pressure, mm Hg a | 46 | 62 (25) | 58 (26) | 27 | 55 (22) | 53 (24) | 0.487 |
| Augmentation index, % | 46 | 38 (10) | 36 (9) | 27 | 35 (12) | 35 (10) | 0.217 |
| Pulse wave velocity, m/s | 37 | 9.6 (2.5) | 9.2 (2.7) | 26 | 9.3 (2.8) | 9.6 (2.8) | 0.251 |
| Brachial diameter, mm | 31 | 4.02 (0.48) | 4.15 (0.50) | 19 | 4.00 (0.62) | 4.11 (0.63) | 0.507 |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, % | 31 | 7.4 (4.8) | 7.7 (5.2) | 19 | 5.3 (5.2) | 9.1 (5.1)b | 0.042c |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, mma | 31 | 0.25 (0.28) | 0.26 (0.32) | 19 | 0.15 (0.20) | 0.31 (0.32) | 0.042c |
| Time to maximum diameter, s | 31 | 82 (46) | 98 (43) | 19 | 64 (39) | 93 (35) | 0.568 |
| AUC shear rate×100−1 a | 31 | 176 (135) | 203 (139) | 19 | 168 (91) | 146 (130) | 0.913 |
| FMD/AUC | 31 | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | 19 | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.069 |
| Blood flow | 31 | 69 (27) | 80 (40) | 19 | 77 (34) | 66 (43) | 0.173 |
Parametric data presented as mean (SD). AUC indicates area under the curve of shear rate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FMD/AUC, flow‐mediated dilation corrected by area under the curve of shear rate; IHT, isometric handgrip group; LF/HF, low frequency/high frequency ratio; n, number of data for each variable analyzed; pNN50, percentage of number of pairs of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms; RMMSD, root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SDNN, standard deviation of all RR intervals.
Nonparametric data presented as median (interquartile range).
Different from preintervention.
Interaction effect significant P<0.05.