Table 4.
Demographic Characteristics and CVH Among Pregnant Women, Aged 20 to 44 Years, in the United States, by Trimester of Pregnancy, 1999 to 2012
| Variable | Population % Prevalence (95% CI) | P Value for Comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age group, sample N | 210 | 433 | 414 | |
| 20–24 y | 26.7 (18.9–34.6) | 30.5 (23.6–37.4) | 23.1 (16.9–29.4) | 0.26 |
| 25–34 y | 61.3 (51.9–70.6) | 55.3 (47.1–63.4) | 55.6 (47.3–63.9) | |
| 35–44 y | 12.0 (4.5–19.5) | 14.3 (8.5–20.0) | 21.3 (13.2–29.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity, sample N | 210 | 433 | 414 | |
| White (non‐Hispanic) | 60.0 (49.4–70.6) | 53.3 (45.4–61.1) | 54.6 (46.3–63.0) | 0.53 |
| Black (non‐Hispanic) | 11.4 (6.6–16.3) | 15.1 (10.2–20.1) | 10.9 (6.0–15.8) | |
| Mexican | 16.1 (10.8–21.3) | 14.8 (10.7–19.0) | 15.3 (11.1–19.5) | |
| Other Hispanic | 4.7 (1.8–7.6) | 3.9 (1.9–5.9) | 7.6 (2.9–12.3) | |
| Other race | 7.8 (2.2–13.3) | 12.8 (7.5–18.1) | 11.5 (4.6–18.5) | |
| Education, sample N | 201 | 419 | 396 | |
| Less than high school | 18.1 (11.3–25.0) | 20.5 (15.4–25.6) | 19.9 (14.0–25.8) | 0.34 |
| High school graduate | 18.0 (10.4–25.7) | 22.4 (15.4–29.3) | 14.0 (9.3–18.8) | |
| Greater than high school | 63.8 (54.2–73.5) | 57.2 (50.0–64.3) | 66.0 (59.1–73.0) | |
| Family income/poverty ratio, sample Na | 195 | 399 | 390 | |
| ≤1.30 | 22.6 (16.1–29.1) | 25.9 (19.6–32.1) | 17.2 (12.5–21.9) | 0.19 |
| 1.30–≤1.85 | 15.8 (7.7–23.9) | 10.5 (6.5–14.6) | 12.5 (7.1–17.9) | |
| >1.85 | 61.6 (51.1–72.0) | 63.6 (56.8–70.4) | 70.4 (63.5–77.3) | |
| CVH metrics | ||||
| Diet, sample N | 207 | 421 | 407 | |
| Ideal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.76 |
| Intermediate | 16.7 (8.4–25.1) | 19.8 (12.3–27.3) | 21.0 (14.3–27.7) | |
| Poor | 83.3 (74.9–91.6) | 80.2 (72.7–87.7) | 79.0 (72.3–85.7) | |
| Physical activity, sample N | 210 | 433 | 414 | |
| Ideal | 32.4 (21.5–43.3) | 23.8 (16.5–31.2) | 24.0 (16.3–31.7) | 0.30 |
| Intermediate | 31.6 (20.4–42.7) | 26.8 (19.1–34.5) | 32.5 (25.2–39.8) | |
| Poor | 36.1 (24.9–47.2) | 49.4 (40.4–58.3) | 43.5 (35.7–51.4) | |
| Smoking status, sample N | 210 | 433 | 414 | |
| Ideal | 69.9 (59.1–80.7) | 78.2 (72.3–84.0) | 82.2 (76.5–87.9) | 0.08 |
| Intermediate | 13.8 (5.8–21.7) | 12.7 (7.3–18.1) | 10.7 (5.7–15.7) | |
| Poor | 16.3 (9.4–23.3) | 9.1 (4.9–13.4) | 7.1 (3.4–10.9) | |
| BMI, sample N | 210 | 431 | 413 | |
| Ideal | 42.8 (32.5–53.2) | 53.4 (45.5–61.3) | 54.3 (46.8–61.8) | 0.15 |
| Nonideal | 57.2 (46.8–67.5) | 46.6 (38.7–54.5) | 45.7 (38.2–53.2) | |
| Blood pressure, sample N | 199 | 404 | 384 | |
| Ideal | 92.0 (88.2–95.8) | 91.2 (86.9–95.4) | 86.6 (80.0–93.3) | 0.16 |
| Intermediate | 7.2 (3.6–10.8) | 7.8 (3.5–12.0) | 13.1 (6.4–19.8) | |
| Poor | 0.8 (0–2.0) | 1.1 (0.1–2.0) | 0.3 (0–0.6) | |
| Total cholesterol, sample N | 190 | 412 | 389 | |
| Ideal | 80.7 (73.0–88.3) | 33.8 (24.4–43.2) | 15.5 (9.4–21.6) | <0.0001 |
| Intermediate | 16.1 (9.3–22.9) | 39.3 (31.1–47.4) | 28.4 (21.0–35.8) | |
| Poor | 3.2 (0–6.9) | 26.9 (20.1–33.7) | 56.1 (47.6–64.6) | |
| Fasting plasma glucose, sample N | 92 | 177 | 176 | |
| Ideal | 96.2 (92.9–99.5) | 88.0 (82.7–93.3) | 92.2 (85.8–98.5) | 0.13 |
| Nonideal | 3.8 (0.5–7.1) | 12.0 (6.7–17.3) | 7.8 (1.5–14.2) | |
| No. of ideal CVH behaviors, mean (95% CI) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.02 |
| No. of ideal CVH factors, mean (95% CI) | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) | 2.4 (2.2–2.5) | <0.0001 |
| Total No. of ideal CVH metrics, mean (95% CI) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 3.7 (3.2–4.1) | 3.4 (3.2–3.5) | <0.0001 |
| Total CVH score, mean (95% CI) | 9.0 (8.5–9.5) | 8.4 (7.7–9.1) | 7.8 (7.5–8.2) | 0.0004 |
| Total CVH category, prevalence (95% CI), sample N | 82 | 162 | 162 | |
| High (CVH score 12–14) | 4.4 (2.4–6.5) | 8.6 (0–18.4) | 0.3 (0–0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate (CVH score 8–11) | 79.4 (70.5–88.3) | 49.9 (37.4–62.5) | 58.7 (46.5–70.9) | |
| Low (CVH score 0–7) | 16.1 (8.1–24.2) | 41.4 (28.4–54.4) | 41.0 (28.8–53.2) | |
| Total CVH score, excluding cholesterol, mean (95% CI) | 7.1 (6.6–7.6) | 7.4 (6.9–8.0) | 7.2 (6.9–7.5) | 0.06 |
| Total CVH category, excluding cholesterol, prevalence (95% CI), sample N | 83 | 163 | 162 | |
| High (CVH score 10–12) | 6.4 (3.8–9.1) | 15.0 (4.8–25.2) | 2.9 (1.2–4.6) | 0.0009 |
| Moderate (CVH score 6–9) | 79.6 (71.0–88.3) | 68.9 (57.6–80.3) | 87.6 (80.4–94.9) | |
| Low (CVH score 0–5) | 13.9 (6.5–21.4) | 16.1 (7.2–25.0) | 9.4 (2.8–16.1) | |
All estimates, including characteristics, are based on population‐weighted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trimester‐specific data and overall BMI and fasting plasma glucose require month of pregnancy information, which was not available in 2013 to 2014. BMI indicates body mass index; CVH, cardiovascular health.
a
For 1999 to 2006, calculated on the basis of annual income (INDFMPIR); for 2007 to 2014, calculated on the basis of monthly income (INDFMMPI).