Table 3. Clinical Characteristics and Initial Laboratory Indices Among Patients With and Without ARDS.
| Clinical characteristics | All patients | Patients with ARDS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without ARDS, No. (%) (n = 117) | With ARDS, No. (%) (n = 84) | Difference (95% CI)a | P valueb | Alive, No. (%) (n = 40) | Died, No. (%) (n = 44) | Difference (95% CI)a | P valueb | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 48.0 (40.0 to 54.0) | 58.5 (50.0 to 69.0) | 12.0 (8.0 to 16.0) | <.001 | 50.0 (40.3 to 56.8) | 68.5 (59.3 to 75.0) | 18.0 (13.0 to 23.0) | <.001 |
| Highest patient temperature, median (IQR), °C | 38.60 (38.2 to 39.0) | 39.0 (38.5 to 39.6) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.5) | .004 | 39.0 (38.5 to 39.7) | 38.9 (38.0 to 39.2) | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.0) | .05 |
| ≥39 (high fever) | 36 (36.4) | 41 (57.7) | 21.3 (5.3 to 37.5) | .006 | 27 (73.0) | 14 (41.2) | −31.8 (−56.5 to −7.1) | .007 |
| <39 | 63 (63.6) | 30 (42.3) | 10 (27.0) | 20 (58.8) | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 68 (58.1) | 60 (71.4) | 13.3 (−0.9 to 27.5) | .05 | 31 (77.5) | 29 (65.9) | −11.6 (−33.0 to 9.9) | .24 |
| Female | 49 (41.9) | 24 (28.6) | 9 (22.5) | 15 (34.1) | ||||
| Initial symptoms | ||||||||
| Fever | 110 (94.0) | 78 (92.9) | −1.2 (−9.2 to 6.8) | .74 | 39 (97.5) | 39 (88.6) | −8.9 (−21.8 to 4.1) | .25 |
| Cough | 95 (81.2) | 68 (81.0) | −0.2 (−11.5 to 11.0) | .97 | 35 (87.5) | 33 (75.0) | −12.5 (−31.3 to 6.3) | .15 |
| Productive cough | 42 (35.9) | 41 (48.8) | 12.9 (−1.9 to 27.7) | .07 | 22 (55.0) | 19 (43.2) | −11.8 (−35.5 to 11.8) | .28 |
| Dyspnea | 30 (25.6) | 50 (59.5) | 33.9 (19.7 to 48.1) | <.001 | 21 (52.5) | 29 (65.9) | 13.4 (−9.8 to 36.7) | .21 |
| Fatigue or myalgia | 38 (32.5) | 27 (32.1) | −0.3 (−13.8 to 13.1) | .96 | 12 (30.0) | 15 (34.1) | 4.1 (−18.2 to 26.4) | .69 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 16 (13.7) | 23 (27.4) | 13.7 (1.3 to 26.1) | .02 | 7 (17.5) | 16 (36.4) | 18.9 (−2.0 to 39.7) | .05 |
| Diabetes | 6 (5.1) | 16 (19.0) | 13.9 (3.6 to 24.2) | .002 | 5 (12.5) | 11 (25.0) | 12.5 (−6.3 to 31.3) | .15 |
| Cardiac disease | 3 (2.6) | 5 (6.0) | 3.4 (−3.4 to 10.2) | .40 | 1 (2.5) | 4 (9.1) | 6.6 (−5.6 to 18.8) | .42 |
| Treatment in hospital | ||||||||
| Oxygen therapyc | ||||||||
| Nasal cannula | 81 (69.2) | 17 (20.2) | −49.0 (−62.0 to −36.0) | <.001 | 17 (42.5) | 0 | −42.5 (−60.2 to −24.8) | <.001 |
| NMV | 0 | 61 (72.6) | 72.6 (62.1 to 83.2) | 23 (57.5) | 38 (86.4) | 28.9 (8.1 to 49.6) | ||
| IMV | 0 | 5 (6.0) | 6.0 (−0.1 to 12.0) | 0 | 5 (11.4) | 11.4 (−0.4 to 23.1) | ||
| IMV with ECMO | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 1.2 (−2.2 to 4.5) | 0 | 1 (2.3) | 2.3 (−4.4 to 8.9) | ||
| Methylprednisolone | 12 (10.3) | 50 (59.5) | 49.3 (36.4 to 62.1) | <.001 | 27 (67.5) | 23 (52.3) | −15.2 (−38.3 to 7.9) | .16 |
| Antibiotic therapy | 113 (96.6) | 83 (98.8) | 2.2 (−2.8 to 7.3) | .59 | 40 (100.0) | 43 (97.7) | −2.3 (−8.9 to 4.4) | >.99 |
| Antiviral therapy | 106 (90.6) | 64 (76.2) | −14.4 (−26.0 to −2.9) | .005 | 39 (97.5) | 25 (56.8) | −40.7 (−58.5 to −22.9) | <.001 |
| Laboratory findings, value, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| Hematologic | ||||||||
| White blood cells, ×109/L | 5.02 (3.37 to 7.18) | 8.32 (5.07 to 11.20) | 2.56 (1.56 to 3.63) | <.001 | 6.62 (4.79 to 11.23) | 8.61 (5.90 to 11.44) | 1.11 (−0.76 to 3.08) | .19 |
| Neutrophils, ×109/L | 3.06 (2.03 to 5.56) | 7.04 (3.98 to 10.12) | 2.99 (1.97 to 4.06) | <.001 | 5.91 (3.39 to 9.70) | 7.43 (5.15 to 10.60) | 1.30 (−0.44 to 3.17) | .14 |
| Lymphocytes, ×109/L | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.45) | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.99) | −0.34 (−0.47 to −0.22) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.17) | 0.59 (0.48 to 0.74) | −0.23 (−0.41 to −0.07) | .004 |
| Monocytes, ×109/L | 0.34 (0.24 to 0.43) | 0.29 (0.20 to 0.44) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01) | .15 | 0.35 (0.20 to 0.44) | 0.25 (0.20 to 0.45) | −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.05) | .41 |
| Platelets, ×109/L | 178.00 (140.00 to 239.50) | 187.00 (124.50 to 252.50) | −4.00 (−27.00 to 20.00) | .73 | 204.00 (137.25 to 262.75) | 162.00 (110.50 to 231.00) | −31.00 (−65.00 to 5.00) | .10 |
| CD3, /μL | 633.00 (467.00 to 846.00) | 446.50 (231.00 to 633.75) | −215.00 (−358.00 to −73.00) | .003 | 563.00 (281.00 to 769.50) | 264.00 (222.00 to 448.00) | −237.00 (−471.00 to 40.00) | .07 |
| CD4, /μL | 371.00 (283.00 to 572.00) | 234.00 (136.75 to 398.00) | −138.00 (−224.00 to −51.00) | .004 | 286.00 (132.00 to 449.50) | 166.00 (128.50 to 312.50) | −81.00 (−264.00 to 55.00) | .25 |
| CD8, /μL | 241.00 (159.00 to 323.00) | 157.50 (76.00 to 289.50) | −66.00 (−129.00 to −7.00) | .03 | 273.00 (88.00 to 316.00) | 96.00 (67.00 to 143.50) | −134.00 (−221.00 to −10.00) | .05 |
| Biochemical | ||||||||
| Total bilirubin, μM | 10.50 (8.60 to 13.65) | 12.90 (9.50 to 17.05) | 1.90 (0.60 to 3.30) | .004 | 11.65 (9.33 to 15.15) | 14.50 (10.35 to 19.80) | 2.60 (0.30 to 5.20) | .03 |
| AST, U/L | 30.00 (24.00 to 38.50) | 38.00 (30.50 to 53.00) | 9.00 (5.00 to 12.00) | <.001 | 38.50 (32.25 to 57.25) | 37.00 (30.00 to 52.00) | −4.00 (−10.00 to 2.00) | .21 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.00 (18.00 to 41.50) | 35.00 (21.50 to 52.50) | 7.00 (2.00 to 13.00) | .01 | 35.00 (23.25 to 55.25) | 39.00 (20.50 to 52.50) | −2.00 (−11.00 to 8.00) | .71 |
| Total protein, g/L | 64.30 (60.95 to 67.25) | 63.50 (57.40 to 66.85) | −1.40 (−3.10 to 0.30) | .11 | 63.90 (57.83 to 67.60) | 62.70 (56.90 to 65.95) | −1.60 (−4.40 to 1.00) | .21 |
| Albumin, g/L | 33.70 (30.95 to 36.30) | 30.40 (27.15 to 33.35) | −3.50 (−4.60 to −2.30) | <.001 | 31.35 (27.70 to 34.20) | 29.10 (26.20 to 31.55) | −2.30 (−4.10 to −0.70) | .007 |
| Globulin, g/L | 30.00 (28.25 to 32.55) | 31.60 (29.35 to 35.05) | 1.60 (0.60 to 2.80) | .004 | 30.70 (29.40 to 33.52) | 32.90 (29.10 to 36.30) | 1.50 (−0.50 to 3.50) | .18 |
| Prealbumin, mg/L | 136.00 (99.50 to 170.00) | 100.50 (76.75 to 128.00) | −37.00 (−52.00 to −23.00) | <.001 | 101.00 (83.50 to 146.00) | 100.00 (67.00 to 123.00) | −11.00 (−31.00 to 10.00) | .30 |
| Urea, mM | 4.30 (3.40 to 5.40) | 5.80 (4.45 to 7.90) | 1.69 (1.10 to 2.29) | <.001 | 4.94 (4.00 to 6.90) | 7.40 (5.10 to 8.75) | 1.50 (0.50 to 2.70) | .004 |
| Creatinine, μM | 68.70 (57.45 to 81.05) | 74.60 (57.90 to 92.35) | 5.60 (−0.20 to 11.50) | .06 | 78.65 (59.73 to 93.30) | 73.00 (57.45 to 86.70) | −4.77 (−15.30 to 4.80) | .30 |
| Glucose, mM | 5.40 (4.90 to 6.50) | 7.40 (5.70 to 10.08) | 1.60 (1.00 to 2.40) | <.001 | 7.80 (5.40 to 10.40) | 7.10 (5.95 to 9.95) | 0.10 (−1.40 to 1.20) | .92 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 15.00 (12.00 to 19.00) | 17.00 (13.00 to 20.50) | 2.00 (0.00 to 3.00) | .01 | 16.00 (13.00 to 20.75) | 17.00 (13.00 to 20.00) | 0.00 (−3.00 to 3.00) | .93 |
| Cholinesterase, U/L | 8070.00 (7210.00 to 9741.00) | 6955.00 (5707.50 to 8498.00) | −1237.67 (−1782.00 to −654.00) | <.001 | 7948.00 (6498.50 to 9152.00) | 6384.00 (5472.50 to 7757.00) | −1274.00 (−2111.00 to −399.00) | .005 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.22) | 0.16 (0.09 to 0.24) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.08) | 1.08 (0.84 to 1.42) | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.35) | .01 |
| LDH, U/L | 257.00 (211.00 to 320.50) | 396.00 (320.00 to 521.00) | 136.00 (106.00 to 168.00) | <.001 | 349.50 (293.50 to 416.00) | 484.00 (351.00 to 568.50) | 112.00 (50.00 to 173.00) | .001 |
| α-HBDH, U/L | 217.00 (179.00 to 277.00) | 333.00 (252.50 to 477.00) | 118.00 (86.00 to 151.00) | <.001 | 301.50 (228.75 to 366.25) | 417.00 (290.50 to 495.00) | 112.00 (45.00 to 174.00) | .001 |
| LDL, mM | 2.16 (1.74 to 2.72) | 1.88 (1.50 to 2.47) | −0.29 (−0.50 to −0.08) | .007 | 2.00 (1.60 to 2.48) | 1.67 (1.30 to 2.42) | −0.16 (−0.50 to 0.17) | .30 |
| Infection-related indices | ||||||||
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 23.40 (6.65 to 57.80) | 83.00 (39.45 to 152.40) | 46.70 (32.50 to 64.00) | <.001 | 69.20 (26.60 to 120.80) | 90.85 (44.55 to >160) | 17.92 (−8.60 to 45.00) | .17 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 6.29 (5.36 to 7.83) | 7.39 (5.63 to 10.89) | 0.93 (0.07 to 1.98) | .03 | 6.05 (5.12 to 6.99) | 10.07 (7.36 to 14.80) | 3.88 (2.20 to 6.13) | <.001 |
| ESR, mm/h | 47.70 (40.00 to 64.30) | 52.40 (40.00 to 71.00) | 4.00 (−2.00 to 11.60) | .20 | 51.60 (40.00 to 70.00) | 59.50 (39.50 to 72.50) | 1.80 (−9.00 to 14.51) | .74 |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL | 457.66 (223.73 to 702.65) | 1029.28 (546.26 to >2000) | 545.50 (332.15 to 754.44) | <.001 | 853.00 (330.33 to 1968.57) | 1096.21 (559.41 to >2000) | 102.55 (−185.63 to 412.71) | .34 |
| Coagulation function | ||||||||
| PT, s | 10.60 (10.10 to 11.50) | 11.70 (11.10 to 12.45) | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.30) | <.001 | 11.75 (10.95 to 12.45) | 11.60 (11.10 to 12.45) | 0.00 (−0.50 to 0.60) | .87 |
| APTT, s | 29.75 (25.55 to 32.85) | 26.00 (22.55 to 35.00) | −1.70 (−3.90 to 0.60) | .13 | 29.60 (24.00 to 35.75) | 24.10 (22.25 to 28.35) | −3.10 (−7.00 to −0.20) | .04 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0.52 (0.33 to 0.93) | 1.16 (0.46 to 5.37) | 0.52 (0.21 to 0.94) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.31 to 1.18) | 3.95 (1.15 to 10.96) | 2.10 (0.89 to 5.27) | .001 |
Abbreviations: α-HBDH, α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK-MB, creatine kinase muscle-brain isoform; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR, interquartile range; NMV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation (including high flow supply and face mask); LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PT, prothrombin time.
a
Difference in location for continuous variables (by Hodges-Lehmann method) and in percentage for categorical variables (With ARDS vs Without ARDS or Died vs Alive).
b
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon was used for continuous variables, and χ2 test was used for categorical variables, if not specified.
c
Fisher exact test.