Table 4. Bivariate Cox Regression of Factors Associated With ARDS Development or Progression From ARDS to Death.
| Patient characteristics and findings | ARDS | Death | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age (≥65 vs <65), y | 3.26 (2.08-5.11) | <.001 | 6.17 (3.26-11.67) | <.001 |
| Gender (male vs female) | 1.47 (0.92-2.36) | .11 | 0.56 (0.30-1.05) | .07 |
| Highest patient temperature (≥39 °C vs <39 °C) | 1.77 (1.11-2.84) | .02 | 0.41 (0.21-0.82) | .01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 1.82 (1.13-2.95) | .01 | 1.70 (0.92-3.14) | .09 |
| Diabetes (yes vs no) | 2.34 (1.35-4.05) | .002 | 1.58 (0.80-3.13) | .19 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Hematologic | ||||
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 1.14 (1.09-1.19) | <.001 | 1.08 (1.01-1.17) | .03 |
| Lymphocytes,109/L | 0.37 (0.21-0.63) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.22-1.17) | .11 |
| CD3, 100/μL | 0.83 (0.72-0.96) | .01 | 0.81 (0.59-1.11) | .19 |
| CD4, 100/μL | 0.74 (0.59-0.93) | .01 | 0.83 (0.51-1.35) | .45 |
| CD8, 100/μL | 0.74 (0.53-1.04) | .08 | 0.51 (0.24-1.09) | .08 |
| Biochemical | ||||
| Total bilirubin, μM | 1.05 (1.02-1.08) | .001 | 1.07 (1.02-1.12) | .003 |
| AST, U/L | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .45 |
| ALT, U/L | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | .09 | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | .43 |
| Albumin, 10 g/L | 0.49 (0.37-0.66) | <.001 | 0.19 (0.07-0.49) | .001 |
| Globulin, 10 g/L | 2.32 (1.45-3.71) | <.001 | 1.91 (1.01-3.61) | .05 |
| Prealbumin, mg/L | 0.99 (0.98-0.99) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | .31 |
| Urea, mM | 1.13 (1.09-1.18) | <.001 | 1.13 (1.06-1.20) | <.001 |
| Creatinine, 10 μM | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | .02 | 1.04 (0.97-1.11) | .31 |
| Glucose, mM | 1.13 (1.08-1.19) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.92-1.08) | .92 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | .12 | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | .46 |
| Cholinesterase, ×103U/L | 0.81 (0.73-0.90) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.73-0.97) | .02 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.69 (1.31-2.19) | <.001 | 1.80 (1.28-2.53) | .001 |
| LDH, 100 U/L | 1.61 (1.44-1.79) | <.001 | 1.30 (1.11-1.52) | .001 |
| α-HBDH, 100 U/L | 1.74 (1.52-1.99) | <.001 | 1.34 (1.13-1.60) | .001 |
| LDL, mM | 0.63 (0.44-0.88) | .008 | 0.84 (0.54-1.31) | .45 |
| Infection-related indices | ||||
| hs-CRP, mg/L (>5 vs ≤5) | 4.81 (1.52-15.27) | .008 | NA | NA |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | .09 | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | .01 |
| ESR, mm/h | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | .19 | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) | .32 |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL (>300 vs ≤300) | 3.53 (1.52-8.16) | .003 | 5.28 (0.72-38.48) | .10 |
| Coagulation function | ||||
| PT, s | 1.56 (1.32-1.83) | <.001 | 1.08 (0.84-1.38) | .54 |
| APTT, s | 0.97 (0.94-1.01) | .13 | 0.96 (0.91-1.00) | .06 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | <.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.04) | .002 |
Abbreviations: α-HBDH, α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK-MB, creatine kinase muscle-brain isoform; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HR, hazard ratio; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NA, not available; PT, prothrombin time.