Table 5.
Main technologies used in IoT for irrigation systems.
| Group | Technology | Frequency Bands | Max. Data Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cellular | 3G | 380.2–389.8 MHz, 390.2–399.8 MHz, 410.2–419.8 MHz, 420.2–429.8 MHz, 450.6–457.6 MHz, 460.6–467.6 MHz, 479.0–486.0 MHz, 489.0–496.0 MHz, 698.2–716.2 MHz, 728.2–746.2 MHz, 777.2–792.2 MHz, 747.2–762.2 MHz, 806.2–821.2 MHz, 851.2–866.2 MHz, 824.2–848.8 MHz, 869.2–893.8 MHz, 890.0–915.0 MHz, 935.0–960.0 MHz, 880.0–915.0 MHz, 925.0–960.0 MHz, 876.0–915.0 MHz, 921.0–960.0 MHz, 870.4–876.0 MHz, 915.4–921.0 MHz, 1710.2–1784.8 MHz, 1805.2–1879.8 MHz, 1850.2–1909.8 MHz, 1930.2–1989.8 MHz | Upload 7.2 Mbps Download 2 Mbps |
| 4G/LTE | 452.5–457.5 MHz, 462.5–467.5 MHz, 703–748 MHz, 703–803 MHz, 704–716 MHz, 717–728 MHz, 734–746 MHz, 738–758 MHz, 758–803 MHz, 791–821 MHz, 807–824 MHz, 814–849 MHz, 815–830 MHz, 824–849 MHz, 830–845 MHz, 832–862 MHz, 852–869 MHz, 859–894 MHz, 860–875 MHz, 869–894 MHz, 875–890 MHz, 880–915 MHz, 925–960 MHz, 1427.9–1447.9 MHz, 1475.9–1495.9 MHz, 1447–1467 MHz, 1447.9–1462.9 MHz, 1495.9–1510.9 MHz, 1525–1559 MHz, 1626.5–1660.5 MHz, 1710–1770 MHz, 1710–1755 MHz, 1710–1780 MHz, 1710–1785 MHz, 1749.9–1784.9 MHz, 1805–1880 MHz, 1844.9–1879.9 MHz, 1850–1910 MHz, 1850–1915 MHz, 1880–1920 MHz, 1910–1930 MHz, 1930–1990 MHz, 1930–1995 MHz, 1920–1980 MHz, 1920–2010 MHz, 2000–2020 MHz, 2010–2025 MHz, 2110–2155 MHz, 2110–2170 MHz, 2180–2200 MHz, 2300–2400 MHz, 2305–2315 MHz, 2350–2360 MHz, 2496–2690 MHz, 2500–2570 MHz, 2620–2690 MHz, 3400–3600 MHz, 3410–3490 MHz, 3510–3590 MHz, 3600–3800 MHz, 5150–5925 MHz | Upload 150 Mbps Download 50 Mbps |
|
| 5G | Frequency Range 1: 663–698 MHz, 617–652 MHz, 699–716 MHz, 703–748 MHz, 717–728 MHz, 729–746 MHz, 758–803 MHz,788–798 MHz, 758–768 MHz, 791–821 MHz, 815–830 MHz, 824–849 MHz, 832–862 MHz, 860–875 MHz, 869–894 MHz, 880–915 MHz, 925–960 MHz, 1427–1432 MHz, 1427–1470 MHz, 1432–1517 MHz, 1475–1518 MHz, 1695–1710 MHz, 1710–1780 MHz, 1710–1785 MHz, 1805–1880 MHz, 1850–1910 MHz, 1850–1915 MHz, 1880–1920 MHz, 1920–1980 MHz, 1920–2010 MHz, 1930–1990 MHz, 1930–1995 MHz,1995–2020 MHz, 2010–2025 MHz, 2110–2170 MHz, 2110–2200 MHz, 2300–2400 MHz, 2305–2315 MHz, 2350–2360 MHz, 2496–2690 MHz, 2500–2570 MHz, 2570–2620 MHz, 2620–2690 MHz, 3300–4200 MHz, 3300–3800 MHz, 3550–3700 MHz, 4400–5000 MHz Frequency Range 2: 26.50–29.50 GHz, 24.25–27.50 GHz, 37.00–40.00 GHz, 27.50–28.35 GHz |
||
| Wireless Personal Area Networks | IEEE 802.15.1—Bluetooth | 2400–2483.5 MHz | Up to 3 Mbps |
| BLE (Bluetooth Low-Energy) | 2.400–2.4835 GHz | Up to 2 Mbps | |
| RFID | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | Low Frequency: 125 or 134.2 kHz High Frequency: 13.56 MHz Ultra High Frequency: 868–956 MHz Microwaves: 2.45 |
UHF: Up to 640 kbps |
| Mesh Protocols | Zigbee | 868–868.6 MHz, 902–9286 MHz, 2400 MHz | Up to 250 kbps |
| Z-Wave | 865.2 MHz, 869 MHz, 868.4 MHz, 868.40 MHz, 868.42 MHz, 869.85 MHz, 908.4 MHz, 908.42 MHz, 916 MHz, 919.8 MHz, 921.4 MHz, 919–923 MHz, 920–923 MHz, 920–925 MHz, 922–926 MHz | Up to 100 kbps | |
| Thread | Global: 2400–2500 MHz America, Australia: 902–928 MHz Europe: 868–868.6 MHz, |
Up to 250 kbps | |
| WiFi | IEEE 802.11a | 5725–5875 MHz | Up to 54 Mbps |
| IEEE 802.11b | 2400–2500 MHz | Up to 11 Mbps | |
| IEEE 802.11g | 2400–2500 MHz | Up to 54 Mbps | |
| IEEE 802.11n | 2400–2500 MHz, 5725–5875 MHz | Up to 600 Mbps | |
| IEEE 802.1ac | 2400–2500 MHz, 5725–5875 MHz | Up to 3.46 Gbps | |
| IEEE 802.11ah | AH All Countries: 2400–2500 MHz, 5725–5875 MHz AH Europe: 863–868 MHz AH USA: 902–928 MHz AH China:755–787 MHz AH Japan: 916.5–927.5 MHz AH Korea: 917.5–923.5 MHz AH Singapore: 866–869 MHz, 920–925 MHz |
Up to 40 Mbps | |
| Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) | NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT) | Global: 1950 MHz, 2140 MHz, 1747.5 MHz, 1842.5 MHz, 897.5 MHz, 942.5 MHz, 455 MHz, 465 MHz | 200 kbps |
| EMEA: 847 MHz, 806 MHz, 453.5 MHz, 463.5 MHz | |||
| EU: 725.5 MHz, 780.5 MHz | |||
| North America Region: 1880 MHz, 1960 MHz, 1732.5 MHz, 2132.5 MHz, 836.5 MHz, 881.5 MHz, 707.5 MHz, 737.5 MHz, 782 MHz, 751 MHz, 793 MHz, 763 MHz, 710 MHz, 740 MHz, 1882.5 MHz, 1962.5 MHz, 831.5 MHz, 876.5 MHz, 1745 MHz, 2155 MHz, 1702.5 MHz, 2007.5 MHz, 680.5 MHz, 634.5 MHz, 1448.5 MHz, 1496.5 MHz, 707 MHz, 737 MHz | |||
| APAC: 725.5 MHz, 780.5 MHz, 452.5 MHz, 462.5 MHz | |||
| Japan: 1437.9 MHz, 1485.9 MHz, 822.5 MHz, 867.5 MHz, 837.5 MHz, 882.5 MHz, 1455.4 MHz, 1503.4 MHz | |||
| Long Term Evolution—Machine Type Communication (LTE-M) | Global: 1950 MHz, 2140 MHz, 1747.5 MHz, 1842.5 MHz, 897.5 MHz, 942.5 MHz, 455 MHz, 465 MHz | Upload peak rate of 5 Mbps Download peak rate of 10 Mbps | |
| EMEA: 2535 MHz, 2655 MHz, 847 MHz, 806 MHz, 453.5 MHz, 463.5 MHz | |||
| EU: 725.5 MHz, 780.5 MHz | |||
| North America Region: 1880 MHz, 1960 MHz, 1732.5 MHz, 2132.5 MHz, 836.5 MHz, 881.5 MHz, 707.5 MHz, 737.5 MHz, 782 MHz, 751 MHz, 793 MHz, 763 MHz, 1882.5 MHz, 1962.5 MHz, 831.5 MHz, 876.5 MHz, 815.5 MHz, 860.5 MHz, 1745 MHz, 2155 MHz, 680.5 MHz, 634.5 MHz, 1448.5 MHz, 1496.5 MHz, 707 MHz, 737 MHz | |||
| APAC: 452.5 MHz, 462.5 MHz, 725.5 MHz, 780.5 MHz | |||
| China: TDD, 1900 MHz, TDD, 2350 MHz | |||
| Japan: 1437.9 MHz, 1485.9 MHz, 822.5 MHz, 867.5 MHz, 837.5 MHz, 882.5 MHz, 1455.4 MHz, 1503.4 MHz | |||
| Extended coverage GSM (EC-GSM) | Global: 385 MHz, 395 MHz, 415 MHz, 425 MHz, 454 MHz, 464 MHz, 482.4 MHz, 492,4 MHz, 707.2 MHz, 737.2 MHz, 785.2 MHz, 755.2 MHz, 813.7 MHz, 858.7 MHz | Downlink Peak Data Rate: 70 kbps (GSMK), 240 kbps (8PSK) Uplink Peak Data Rate: 70 kbps (GSMK), 240 kbps (8PSK) |
|
| APAC & EMEA: 897 MHz, 942 MHz | |||
| Caribbean, LATAM & North America Region: 836.5 MHz, 881.5 MHz, 1880 MHz, 1960 MHz | |||
| ITU Region 1 & 3: 902.5, 947.5 MHz, 895.5 MHz, 940.5 MHz, 1747.5 MHz, 1842.5 MHz | |||
| Sigfox | RC1: 868.130 MHz, 869.525 MHz RC2: 902.200 MHz, 905.200 MHz RC3: 923.200 MHz, 922.200 MHz RC4: 920.800 MHz, 922.300 MHz RC5: 923.300 MHz, 922.300 MHz RC6: 865.200 MHz, 866.200 MHz |
100 or 600 bps | |
| LoRa—Low Power Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) | Europe: 870 MHz, 863 MHz, 434 MHz, 433 MHz India: 867 MHz, 865 MHz Region 2—America, Greenland, Eastern Pacific Islands: 928 MHz, 902 MHz Australia, New Zealand: 928 MHz, 915 MHz China: 510 MHz, 470 MHz, 787 MHz, 779 MHz Hong Kong: 925 MHz, 920 MHz Taiwan: 928 MHz, 922 MHz South Korea: 923 MHz, 920 MHz Japan: 928 MHz, 920 MHz Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam: 925 MHz, 920 MHz Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos: 925 MHz, 923 MHz |
0.3 to 50 kbps | |
| MIOTY | 868 MHz |