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. 2020 Feb 11;20(4):967. doi: 10.3390/s20040967

Table 2.

Other relevant PADs with integrated electrochemical cell published between 2015 and 2019.

Device Biomarker Type of Sample Technique 1 Response Range Sensitivity 2 Limit of Detection Ref.
Peptide nucleic acid biosensor Human papillomavirus PCR-amplified DNA from SiHa cell line SWV 10–200 nM 0.004 µA/nM 2.3 nM [37]
3D “pop-up” with commercial glucometer Beta-hydroxybutyrate Whole blood Chronoamp. 0.1–6.0 mM - 0.3 mM [38]
Label-free immunosensor Biotin-avidin interaction Standard solution Chronoamp. Up to 500 ng/mL 0.33 µA mL/ng 25 ng/mL [39]
Wireless potentiometric platform Glucose Blood Potent. 0.3–3 mM -96±5 mV/dec 0.1 mM [40]
Non-enzymatic sensor Creatinine Human blood serum Chronoamp. 0.01–2.0 mM 28 µA/cm2 mM 0.22 µM [41]
Label-free immunosensor Cancer antigen 125 Quality control serum DPV 0.1–200 U/mL −0.37 µA mL/U 0.01 U/mL [42]
Label-free aptasensor Prostate specific antigen Clinical serum DPV 0.05–200 ng/mL −2.0 µA/dec 10 pg/mL [43]
Voltammetric sensor 3-nitrotyrosine Standard solution SWV 0.5 µM–1 mM - 49.2 nM [44]
Reagent-free 3D printing device Butyrylcholinesterase activity Serum Chronoamp. 1–12 IU/mL 0.23 ± 0.01 µA mL/UI 0.1 IU/mL [45]
Disposable non-enzymatic sensor Glucose Human serum Chronoamp. 0.01–1.3 mM 0.016 µA/µM 0.64 µM [46]
Enzymatic biosensor with pre-loaded (bio)reagents Glucose Whole human blood Chronoamp. Up to 25 mM - - [47]
Label-free aptasensor 17β-estradiol Clinical serum DPV 0.01–500 ng/mL −2.36 µA/dec 5 pg/mL [48]
Label-free immunosensor Cortisol Human saliva EIS 3 pg/mL–10 µg/mL 50 Ω mL/pg 3 pg/mL [49]
Enzymatic biosensor with pre-loaded (bio)reagents Glucose Whole human blood Chronoamp. 1–12 mM 0.9474 µA/mM 0.05 mM [50]
Enzymatic biosensor with CeO2 catalyst miR-21 Diluted human serum DPV 1.0–1000 fM −6.22 µA/dec 0.434 fM [51]
Enzymatic biosensor with pre-loaded (bio)reagents Glucose Spiked human serum Chronoamp. 1–20 mM - 1 mM [52]

1 SWV: square wave voltammetry; Chronoamp.: chronoamperometry; Potent.: potentiometry; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. 2 dec means log of the biomarker concentration.