Table 1.
Parameters of regenerated shoot length as well as their fresh (FW) and dry (DW) matter content in Silene vulgaris cultures after eight weeks of treatment with increasing concentrations of heavy metals.
| Ecotype 1 | Treatment 2 | Minimum Length (mm) | Mean Length (mm) | Maximum Length (mm) | Median Value (mm) | Shoot FW (mg) | Shoot DW (mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NM | control | 7.78 | 21.76 ab* ± 9.94 | 47.47 | 18.73 | 1223.66 a* ± 81.74 | 119.06 a* ± 7.95 |
| 1× HMs | 8.14 | 27.67 a ± 15.33 | 69.75 | 24.03 | 896.65 b ± 78.62 | 104.55 b ± 9.16 | |
| 2.5× HMs | 9.02 | 16.98 bc ± 5.71 | 31.98 | 15.89 | 685.33 c ± 98.01 | 54.83 c ± 7.84 | |
| 5× HMs | 5.17 | 9.30 c ± 3.66 | 14.11 | 7.71 | 346.67 d ± 61.46 | 20.81 d ± 3.69 | |
| CAL | control | 7.70 | 32.78 b ± 21.12 | 106.01 | 25.43 | 947.00 b ± 23.51 | 94.87 b ± 2.36 |
| 1× HMs | 9.31 | 38.72 a ± 19.48 | 108.83 | 35.25 | 1252.67 a ± 57.55 | 132.91 a ± 6.11 | |
| 2.5× HMs | 7.17 | 16.71 c ± 0.04 | 45.70 | 14.00 | 658.67 c ± 44.77 | 64.65 c ± 3.84 | |
| 5× HMs | 4.58 | 9.88 c ± 6.05 | 26.90 | 7.11 | 505.13 d ± 14.11 | 57.33 c ± 4.51 | |
| SER | control | 11.95 | 39.23 a ± 22.50 | 105.73 | 33.59 | 742.67 a ± 58.86 | 90.01 a ± 7.13 |
| 1× HMs | 7.53 | 26.11 b ± 13.54 | 76.95 | 22.72 | 458.00 b ± 25.51 | 47.95 b ± 2.67 | |
| 2.5× HMs | 1.54 | 4.61 c ± 2.16 | 6.62 | 5.14 | 430.33 b ± 83.27 | 56.21 b ± 3.21 | |
| 5× HMs | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1 NM—non-metallicolous ecotype; CAL—calamine ecotype; SER—serpentine ecotype. 2 control medium—without the addition of Zn, Pb, Cd ions; 1× HMs—medium enriched with 714.3 μM ZnSO4, 3.0 μM Pb(NO3)2, and 16.4 μM CdCl2; 2.5× and 5× HMs—respectively, 2.5- and 5.0-times higher Zn, Pb, Cd concentration than the first one (1× HMs). * mean values ± SD; different letters (a–d) indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 according to one-way ANOVA and post hoc test; n/a not analyzed