Table 1.

Ruminal fermentation characteristics of cows fed two different diets.

Item	HF		HC		SEM 5	p-Value 6
	BF0h 3	AF4h 4	BF0 h	AF4 h		Feed	Time	Feed × Time
pH	6.90	6.06	6.84	5.76	0.01	NS	**	*
Acetate, mM	79.84	111.69	69.24	92.94	24.70	**	**	NS
Propionate,mM	19.32	23.87	27.12	49.20	5.76	**	**	**
Butyrate, mM	9.73	13.56	10.51	18.76	3.16	**	**	*
TVFA 1, mM	108.89	149.12	106.87	160.90	52.97	**	**	NS
A/P 2	4.21	4.67	2.56	1.91	0.04	**	NS	**
Lactate (mmol/L)	7.27	5.40	8.48	6.61	0.86	NS	**	NS
Pyruvate (μg/L)	263.46	290.68	313.60	282.49	131.15	*	NS	*

¹ TVFA: Total volatile fatty acid; ² A/P: Acetate/ Propionate; ³ BF(0), before feeding (0 h); ⁴ AF(4), after feeding (4 h); ⁵ SEM for feed × time; ⁶ NS, not significant (p > 0.05); *, (p < 0.05); **, (p < 0.01).