Table 3.

The main pigments isolated in vegetables consumed for plant parts other than fruit and leaves.

Species	Edible Part	Color	Class of Compounds	Compounds	References
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica Plenk)	Inflorescence	Purple	Acylated anthocyanins	cyanidin 3-O-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)diglucoside-5-O-glucoside (0.0653–0.3716 mg/100 g fw), cyanidin 3-O-(sinapoyl)diglucoside-5-O-glucoside (0.0119–0.0158 mg/100 g fw), cyanidin 3-O-(feruloyl)diglucoside-5-O-glucoside (0.0201–0.0765 mg/100 g fw), cyanidin 3-O-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)diglucoside-5-O-(malonyl)glucoside (0.013–0.048 mg/100 g fw), and cyanidin 3-O-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)diglucoside-5-O-(malonyl)glucoside (0.0159–0.1035 mg/100 g fw)	[231,233]
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., var. botrytis)	Inflorescence	Purple or dark violet	Cyanidin derivatives	cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaryl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside (9.0–29.9 mg/kg fw), cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaryl)-sophoroside-5-(6-sinapyl)-glucoside (27.8–37.8 mg/kg fw)	[19]
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)	Leaves	Purple	Cyanidin derivatives	cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside (0.64 mg/g dw), cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside (0.26-0.58 mg/g dw), cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside (0.85 mg/g dw)and cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside (0.19-0.92 mg/g dw), cyanidin-3-(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside (0.14–0.55 mg/g dw)	[249,250,252]
Artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scòlymus (L.) Fiori]	Immature inflorescence	Purple	Cyanidin, peonidin, and delphinidin derivatives	cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (0–11.7 mg/kg dw), cyanidin 3-glucoside (0.3–194.1 mg/kg dw), cyanidin 3,5-malonyldiglucoside (0.5-218.0 mg/kg dw), cyanidin 3-(3′′-malonyl)glucoside (0–47.3 mg/kg dw), and cyanidin 3-(6′′-malonyl)glucoside (7.6-1234.3 mg/kg dw) along with some minor compounds such as peonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-(6′′-malonyl)glucoside, and delphinidin glycoside.	[271]
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)	Spears (young stems)	Purple	Cyanidin and peonidin derivatives	Cyanidin 3-[3’’-(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-6’’-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside], cyanidin 3-rutinoside (774.2 mg/kg fw), cyanidin glucosyl rutinoside (125.5 mg/kg fw), peonidin rutinoside (84.8 mg/kg fw)	[23,298,302]
Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.)	Maize kernels	Yellow – deep orange	Carotenoids	β-carotene (2.62 μg/g dw), β-cryptoxanthin (3.96 μg/g dw), zeaxanthin (23.74 μg/g fw), zeinoxanthin (0.75 μg/g dw), lutein (8.2 μg/g dw), antheraxanthin (2.5 μg/g dw))	[311,324]
	Maize kernel pericarp and cobs	Orange – red brik	Phlobaphenes	Phlobaphenes (320.24 A510/100 g)	[315]
	Maize cobs and kernel aleurone and pericarp	Pink, red, purple, blue	Anthocyanins (cyanidin, penodin, pelargonidin,	cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3- glucoside, penodin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6-malonylglucoside), pelargonidin-3-(6-malonylglucoside), peonidin-3-(6-malonylglucoside), peonidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-malonylglucoside, pelargonidin-3-dimalonylglucoside	[326,327]