Figure 3.

Effects of ginseng extract on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of Caco-2 monolayers on transwell inserts, representing intestinal barrier integrity. Caco-2 cells were grown on collagen-coated 0.4-µm transwell inserts and differentiated into monolayers. The cells were incubated with ginseng extract at ginsenoside concentrations of 90 mg/L (Gin 90.0) and 135 mg/L (Gin 135.0) throughout the differentiation period. The TEER values are normalized to the respective start value. Error bars are based on the standard deviation (n = 6). **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 indicate significant differences from the control under the 45 °C heat stress condition.